Association of western white pine cone crops with weather variables

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis
Keyword(s):  
White Pine ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Daily Temperature Range ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Pine Cone ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Sunny Weather ◽  
One Year

Twenty-one-year records of western white pine cone counts were analyzed with seven meteorological variables to find if any combinations of available weather factors were associated with the induction of reproductive buds and successful development of the strobili. The weather in three periods before the physical initiation of the potentially reproductive cycle showed association with cone counts: (1) sunny weather in June, 39 months before cone maturation; (2) warm, sunny, dry weather in September and October, 36 and 35 months before cone maturation; and (3) warm, sunny, dry weather with wide daily temperature range in June and July, 27 and 26 months before cone maturation, appeared to promote differentiation of potentially reproductive buds. During and after the initiation of bud primordia, the weather in four periods appeared to be associated with cone production: (1) warm and possibly wet weather in August, September, and October, 25 to 23 months before cone maturation; (2) rain in the third quarter of July, 4 weeks after pollination and 14 months before cone maturation; (3) warm temperatures in September, October, and November, 12 to 10 months before cone maturation; and (4) sunny, warm, dry weather in May, 4 months before cone maturation, appeared to be beneficial to cone development.

RELATION BETWEEN CONE PRODUCTION AND DIAMETER INCREMENT OF DOUGLAS FIR (PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO), GRAND FIR (ABIES GRANDIS (DOUGL.) LINDL.), AND WESTERN WHITE PINE (PINUS MONTICOLA DOUGL.)

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1553-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis ◽  
E. H. Garman ◽  
L. F. Ebell
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Cone Development

Cone count records for a 28-year period on 80 Douglas fir, 14 grand fir, and 9 western white pine were statistically analyzed with the annual diameter increment to evaluate the relationship between cone and wood production. The width of annual rings was depressed only during the years of cone production, suggesting that carbohydrates used in cone development were supplied from current photosynthesis rather than from stored reserve. The initiation of reproductive buds did not appear to be dependent on the level of carbohydrates in a tree and the role of carbohydrates was probably only that of nutrition during cone development. Maturing cones did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on initiation of new flowering buds. Different species may require a different combination of climatic factors for initiation of flowering buds.

Pollination and seed production in western white pine

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Danilo D. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Seedling Seed Orchard ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Filled Seeds

The reproductive biology of western white pine ( Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) at the Saanich seed orchard (SSO; a coastal seedling seed orchard) and the Kalamalka seed orchard (KSO; an interior clonal seed orchard) is described. Seed-cone development and morphology determine seed potential and affect filled seed production. Seed potential was high, commonly over 200 seeds per cone and filled seeds per cone averaged 50–60 at both orchards in 1999 from open pollinations combined with operational supplemental mass pollinations (OP-SMP). Filled seeds per cone at SSO in 2004 averaged 115 with open pollinations and OP-SMP. About 30% of ovules aborted before pollination. Another 25% aborted probably because of self-incompatibility at fertilization. Seed efficiency (SEF) was only 5% at KSO with open pollination but increased to 30% with OP-SMP. SEF was the same at SSO with or without OP-SMP. Reproductive success was very low at KSO without OP-SMP but increased to about 10%, similar to that of SSO, with OP-SMP. The optimal time for control pollinations was at cone stages 4 and 5 and optimal amount of pollen per pollination bag was 0.3–0.4 mL. Western white pine is a very good seed producer and can be easily managed in seed orchards to give very high seed production per cone and per tree.

VARIATION IN CONE PRODUCTION OF RED PINE IN RELATION TO WEATHER

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1683-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Biological Explanation ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Average Loss

Variation in annual counts of 2-year-old cones was studied in 15-year records from 78 trees scattered over northern Wisconsin. For a 3-year period, 1-year-old cones were also counted and compared with the counts of 2-year-old cones in the following year. In addition to major losses of 2-year-old cones to insects, an average loss of 60% was noted between the 1st and 2nd year of cone development. Counts of 2-year-old cones nevertheless reflected the relative magnitude of the 1-year-old cone crop and thus were presumed to reflect the relative magnitude of the cone crop initiated 24 months before counting.Simple correlations of weather variables with counts of 2-year-old cones were computed for each of the 54 months before counting. Both April mean temperature and July–September mean temperature 2 years before counting were positively associated with variation in cone counts while potential cone crop already present was negatively associated. The use of three variables in multiple regression analysis revealed the predominant influence of July–September temperature and accounted for from 64 to 77% of the variance in counts of 2-year-old cones. Five correlations with less apparent biological explanation also were detected.

Development of long-shoot terminal buds of western white pine (Pinus monticola)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1308-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Western White Pine

Long-shoot terminal bud (LSTB) development in western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) was studied throughout the annual growth cycle to determine the phenology of LSTB development and the time of cone-bud differentiation. Development of LSTB began in early April and cataphylls were initiated from mid-August until early November. Cataphyll initiation was slow during May and June when shoots were elongating and then rapid just after shoot elongation was completed. Proximal cataphylls were sterile, whereas more distal cataphylls began to initiate axillary buds by late June or early July. Axillary buds were initiated first in the proximal portions of the LSTB and then acropetally in rapid succession. The last cataphylls to be initiated in the fall remained as sterile bud scales enclosing the LSTB apex. Axillary buds initiated sterile cataphylls which functioned as bud scales. The number varied with the type of axillary bud. Proximal axillary buds initiated few cataphylls and began to differentiate into dwarf shoots or pollen cones in August. The more distal axillary buds differentiated into dwarf shoots during September and October, The most distal axillary buds initiated many cataphylls during September and October but did not differentiate into seed-cone buds or lateral branch buds until after winter dormancy. Consequently, attempts to induce or enhance seed-cone production in P. monticola would probably be most successful in the spring when seed-cone buds differentiate. LSTB bearing seed cones were larger, had broader apices, and produced more cataphylls during the growing season than did LSTB bearing pollen cones. The phenology of LSTB development in soft pines and hard pines is discussed in relation to reports available on the association of cone crops and climatic conditions in several species of Pinus.

EFFICACY OF ESFENVALERATE FOR CONTROL OF INSECTS HARMFUL TO SEED PRODUCTION IN DISEASE-RESISTANT WESTERN WHITE PINES

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.G. Rappaport ◽  
M.I. Haverty ◽  
P.J. Shea ◽  
R.E. Sandquist
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Dioryctria Abietivorella ◽  
Pine Cone ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis ◽  
Insecticide Efficacy ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Normal Seed

AbstractWe tested the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate in single, double, and triple applications for control of insects affecting seed production of blister rust-resistant western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas. All treatments increased the proportion of normal seed produced and reduced the proportion of seed damaged by the western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann. Only the triple application reduced the proportion of cones killed by the pine cone beetle, Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins. Other seed-damaging insect species [seed chalcids, Megastigmus sp.; the fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote); and seedworms, Cydia sp.] were present but in numbers too low to test for insecticide efficacy.

Western white pine development in relation to biophysical characteristics across different spatial scales in the Coeur d'Alene River basin in northern Idaho, U.S.A.

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1109-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa B Jain ◽  
Russell T Graham ◽  
Penelope Morgan
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Coeur D'alene ◽  
Biophysical Factors ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Northern Idaho

Many studies have assessed tree development beneath canopies in forest ecosystems, but results are seldom placed within the context of broad-scale biophysical factors. Mapped landscape characteristics for three watersheds, located within the Coeur d'Alene River basin in northern Idaho, were integrated to create a spatial hierarchy reflecting biophysical factors that influence western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) development under a range of canopy openings. The hierarchy included canopy opening, landtype, geological feature, and weathering. Interactions and individual-scale contributions were identified using stepwise log–linear regression. The resulting models explained 68% of the variation for estimating western white pine basal diameter and 64% for estimating height. Interactions among spatial scales explained up to 13% of this variation and better described vegetation response than any single spatial scale. A hierarchical approach based on biophysical attributes is an excellent method for studying plant and environment interactions.

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