Promoting bud development in balsam fir Christmas trees with 6-benzylaminopurine

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Carrier Solution ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds

The entire crown of variously fertilized, unsheared Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill. trees was sprayed once or twice weekly for 2, 4, or 8 weeks with an aqueous solution of 0 or 600 mg 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) L−1 containing 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, 13.5% methanol, and 0.1% Tween 20, starting at different times during the period of shoot elongation. In the year of application, BAP inhibited the elongation of the current-year shoot, increased the number of lateral buds formed on this shoot, and induced lammas growth. Both BAP and the carrier solution caused some phytotoxicity in current-year needles. Responses to BAP treatment varied markedly with genotype, whorl position, and time of application, and decreased with mineral deficiency, and decreasing BAP dosage. After overwintering, many of the BAP-induced lateral buds elongated, resulting in an increased number of shoots, hence in a denser crown.

scholarly journals Shoot and Bud Development in Balsam Fir: Implications for Pruning of Christmas Trees

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Significant Response ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Different Types

The processes of development of shoots and buds of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and the positions of buds of different types and with differing degrees of development, are described as a basis for understanding what happens in response to pruning of portions of shoots (shearing) at different times of year. The greatest response in shoot and bud development will result from pruning in late July and early August. Degree of response will decrease with advancing time of pruning from August to October. Pruning from late March to early May will produce less, bud significant response in subsequent bud development but little in first-season shoot development. Pruning from November to March can be as effective as pruning in late March and early April, but risks of damage are greater. Pruning in the most active phase of shoot elongation (June to mid-July) is not advisable.

scholarly journals Effect of Uniconazole on Shoot Growth and Budset of Containerized Fraser Fir

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Layne K. Snelling
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud

In two experiments, uniconazole (0.25 to 16 mg·L-1 a.i.) was applied as a root drench to containerized Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] at various times of the year. Leader length, stem diameter, length of laterals, and number of subterminal buds were reduced the following growing season. Treatment during the 1994 growing season reduced lateral bud formation on the leader in 1995, whereas treatment with 8 or 16 mg·L-1 in Mar. 1995 (prior to budbreak) increased it. Uniconazole caused needle discoloration and abscission at concentrations ≥4 mg·L-1. Leader growth was reduced more than branch elongation, which tended to make plants more decurrent. The utility of uniconazole in production of tabletop Fraser fir Christmas trees was unclear; reduced shoot elongation was often accompanied by fewer lateral buds and needle discoloration and/or abscission. Chemical name used: E-1-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazole-1-penten-3-ol) (uniconazole).

Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. IV. Effects on lateral bud development

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Owens ◽  
J. E. Webber ◽  
S. D. Ross ◽  
R. P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Mitotic Frequency ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Vegetative Bud

The anatomy, mitotic frequency, size, and total insoluble carbohydrate histochemistry was studied in axillary apices from 9- and 10-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees after cone induction treatments of root-pruning and (or) stem injections of a gibberellin A4 and A7 (GA4/7) mixture. Axillary buds were initiated at the time of root-pruning, but root-pruning treatment had no effect on axillary bud initiation. Axillary apices from control and gibberellin-treated trees were similar and followed the normal sequence of bud-scale initiation, differentiation, and leaf initiation (described previously) and no cone buds differentiated. Early development of axillary apices from root-pruned and root-pruned, gibberellin-treated trees was normal, but development became retarded near the time of vegetative bud flush. Retarded apices were small with low mitotic frequency and developed many features characteristics of latent apices. Retardation of axillary apices continued until mid-July when normal development resumed and apices differentiated into reproductive buds or vegetative buds, or became latent. The trees in which the greatest retardation of apical development occurred during lateral shoot elongation produced the most cone buds. These results are discussed in relation to hypotheses proposed to explain how cultural and gibberellin treatments affect cone induction in the Pinaceae.

Bud development in mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). II. Cone-bud differentiation and predormancy development

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Cone Apex ◽  
Tsuga Mertensiana ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Seed cones of Tsuga mertensiana (Bong) Carr. occur terminally on distal lateral branches and form from the differentiation of a terminal, previously vegetative apex, into a seed-cone apex. Pollen cones commonly occur on lateral branches and form from the differentiation of an undetermined axillary apex about 6 weeks after axillary bud initiation. Pollen cones also occasionally occur terminally. All cone buds began differentiation in late July after bud-scale initiation was complete and at about the end of lateral shoot elongation. Seed-cone buds initiated bracts and ovuliferous scales, but not ovules, before they became dormant at the end of October. Pollen-cone buds initiated all microsporophylls by early September. Microsporangia containing microspore mother cells differentiated before pollen-cone buds became dormant in mid-October. The time of cone-bud differentiation is related to vegetative bud and shoot development. The time and method of cone-bud differentiation is discussed in relation to T. heterophylla and other conifers having similar bud development.

Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. III. Effects on anatomy of shoot elongation and terminal bud development

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Owens ◽  
J. E. Webber ◽  
S. D. Ross ◽  
R. P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Apical Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Leaf Initiation ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Effective Cone ◽  
Vegetative Bud

The relative importance of cell division and cell elongation to shoot elongation and the anatomical changes in vegetative terminal apices were assessed for 9- and 10-year-old seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in response to two effective cone-induction treatments, gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) and root-pruning (RP). Root-pruning was done in mid-April at the start of vegetative bud swelling and GA treatments were begun at vegetative bud flushing in mid-May and continued until early July. Shoot elongation before flushing resulted primarily from cell divisions and was not affected by the RP treatment. Shoot elongation after flushing resulted primarily from cell expansion which was reduced by RP treatments. Root-pruning significantly slowed mitotic activity, apical growth, and development of vegetative terminal buds from mid-June through mid-July. Apical growth then resumed during leaf initiation and the final number of leaf primordia initiated was not affected. This resulted in a delay of 2 to 4 weeks in the transition from bud-scale to leaf initiation. Retarded terminal vegetative apices anatomically resembled latent axillary apices but were never completely inhibited. GA + RP had the same effect as RP. GA4/7 alone had no effect on shoot or apical development. These results show that RP and GA + RP significantly retard shoot elongation and terminal bud development but still allow normal development of vegetative terminal buds. Retardation of bud development by a few weeks shifts the critical morphogenetic phase of transition from bud scale to leaf initiation to a later time when endogenous and environmental conditions may differ from the normal.

Bud development in Picea engelmannii. I. Vegetative bud development, differentiation, and early development of reproductive buds

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2291-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek L. S. Harrison ◽  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Mother Cells

Vegetative buds of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) from the Prince George Forest District (British Columbia) were collected and studied. In mid-April, dormancy ended as determined from mitotic divisions within the leaf primordia; 2 weeks later mitotic activity occurred in the bud apices. Bud-scale initiation began in terminal buds by late May followed by that in axillary buds 2 weeks later. Shoot elongation began in late May, bud burst occurred in late June, and both shoot elongation and bud-scale initiation were complete by late July. Terminal buds began to differentiate by the initiation of leaf primordia, into vegetative buds early in August whereas axillary buds began to differentiate 1 week later. Leaf initiation was completed in all vegetative buds by late September and buds were dormant by mid-October. Pollen cones initiated microsporophylls after bud-scale initiation. Microsporangial initiation began in late August. Microsporangial enlargement began in mid-September and continued until dormancy when pollen mother cells were observed in a premeiotic stage. Seed cones initiated bracts directly after bud-scale initiation. In mid-August, ovuliferous scales began to be initiated. Two ovule primordia formed adaxially, one on each side of the median longitudinal axis of each ovuliferous scale. Each ovule formed one large central megaspore mother cell which overwintered in a premeiotic stage.

Bud development in western hemlock. I. Annual growth cycle of vegetative buds

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 2223-2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Vegetative apices of mature Tsnga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. were studied throughout the annual growth cycle. Apices become mitotically active during the last week of March. Leaf primordia elongate, causing the buds to swell, while the apex remains small and produces bud scales. Axillary buds are initiated about mid-April. Little shoot elongation occurs before vegetative buds burst in mid-May. After bud burst, rapid shoot elongation occurs for about 7 weeks, during which time the apex also elongates and the rest of the bud scales are initiated. There is a marked increase in mitotic activity in the apex during the transition from bud-scale initiation to leaf initiation, which occurs early in July when the grand phase of shoot elongation is complete. This is believed to be the time when vegetative apices undergo transition to become reproductive apices. Leaf primordia are initiated in rapid succession until mid-August, when two-thirds of the final number of leaves are initiated and the subtending shoot is fully elongated. From mid-August until mid-November, no shoot elongation occurs, leaf primordia are initiated more slowly, and mitotic activity in the apex gradually decreases. After all of the next season's leaves have been initiated, about mid-November, mitotic activity in the apex stops and the vegetative buds become dormant.

A METHOD OF PHENOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR USE IN FOREST INSECT STUDIES

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Morris ◽  
F. E. Webb ◽  
C. W. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Correct Sequence ◽  
Insect Sampling ◽  
Selection Of

To ensure correct sequence in the timing of insect sampling or control operations over a large forest area it is desirable to know what phenological differences may be expected. Measurements of shoot elongation provide a simple and objective method for comparing a large number of phenological stations in one season. By this method one or more reference stations have to be visited weekly to permit the plotting of growth curves, but the great majority of the stations have to be visited only twice a year. At any one station the major source of variance in cumulative shoot growth on a given date is between trees and the optimum allocation of sampling resources will usually be based on the selection of one shoot per tree and 10 or more trees of balsam fir per station. The variance is greater for cherry and larger samples are necessary.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Increases Fresh Weight and Retail Value of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 151b
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Layne K. Snelling ◽  
C. Ray Campbell ◽  
D.K. Roten ◽  
Jeff Hartzog
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Christmas trees were fertilized for 5 years with four levels of N (0, 56, 113, or 170 kg·ha-1 per year) in spring, fall, or equally split between spring and fall. Nitrogen did not affect leader length, number of leaders, or bud frequency on the upper (distal) portion of the leader. Nitrogen increased bud frequency on the lower (proximal) 20 cm of the leader in only 1 of 3 years of measurement. All application schedules increased the number of apical buds on branches, whereas the number of lateral buds was increased only by spring applications. Nitrogen increased tree fresh weight and retail value as well as weight, length, and surface area of needles. Foliar N concentrations in the fall varied with fertilization schedule, and were higher in November than in October.

Climate and size of previous cone crops contribute to large-scale synchronous cone production in balsam fir

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Bouchard ◽  
Clémentine Pernot
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Male Cones

Mast year occurrence in trees is often synchronized across large regions. In this study, we used dendrochronological methods to reconstruct male and female cone production in balsam fir during the period 1987-2018, using cone scar characteristics on tree branches. Results indicate that mast years generally occur every second year, and can be synchronized across distances > 1000 km. The main predictors of current year cone abundance were cone abundance during the two previous years, which can be considered as a proxy for resource availability for cone bud development during the current year, together with relatively warm temperature during cone bud development. Presence of aborted male cones was positively correlated with the occurrence of relatively cold episodes during cone bud development. This suggests that weather influence on cone crop abundance is at least partly mediated by growth cessation in the developing cone buds. We also suggests that a change in weather patterns before and after the 2005-2010 period is responsible for a switch of mast years from even to uneven calendar years around that time.

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