Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. C. Jones ◽  
I. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

SUGAR PRODUCTION BY WHITE AND YELLOW BIRCHES

1944 ◽  
Vol 22c (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Corn Syrup ◽  
Birch Trees

White and yellow birch trees produced an abundance of sap, but the yield of sugar was on the average only about one-third that of the sugar maple. Results indicate that yellow birch sap contains invert sugar with small amounts of sucrose, and that white birch sap contains a mixture of fructose and invert sugar. Syrups prepared from white and yellow birch saps by concentrating 100 times were similar in taste and appearance to commercial corn syrup.

High-Vacuum Pumping Effects on Maple Sap Sugar Yield

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Kelley ◽  
Lewis J. Staats
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Gravity Flow ◽  
Lake Placid ◽  
Maple Sap

Abstract Some maple producers are reluctant to take advantage of high-vacuum pumping to increase yields of sugar maple sap in their closed-tubing sap collection systems. They believe that only sap of significantly lower sugar content will be obtained. During 1985 and 1986, at Lake Placid, NY, sap collected from sugar maple trees subjected to three levels of vacuum pumping (10-, 15-, and 20-in. Hg) was compared to sap obtained by gravity flow. In most instances the higher levels of vacuum resulted in significantly higher sap volumes with no significant decrease in sap sugar content. Application of 15-in. Hg pumped vacuum at the taphole in a well-maintained tubing system should result in a significant increase in syrup production. North. J. Appl. For. 6:126-129, September 1989.

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Nonvolatile Organic Acids in Sap of Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1129
Author(s):  
Joseph N Mollica ◽  
Maria Franca Morselli
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Maple Sap

Abstract Qualitative analysis of organic acids has never been reported for sugar maple sap, but only for its products, "sugar sand" and maple syrup. A gas chromatographic (GC) method is described for the simultaneous determination of up to 13 nonvolatile organic acids in sugar maple sap. Sap is filtered through Celite, and acids are isolated via cation- and anion-exchange chromatography. Reaction of dried acids with BSA [N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide] in the presence of pyridine and methoxyamine hydrochloride yields the more volatile TMS (trimethylsilyl) esters. Oxalic, succinic, fumaric, L-malic, tartaric, cis-aconitic, citric, and/or shikimic acids were found in maple sap at concentrations ranging from less than 50 ppb to more than 45 ppm, depending on the particular acid and the date of sap flow. Percent recoveries and coefficients of variation for the acids at the 500 ppm level were 46.0 (3.2), 92.0 (2.9), 73.0 (0.77), 94.0 (2.0), 95.0 (−), 72.0 (−), and 97.0 (0.38), respectively. Various amounts of nonvolatile organic acids are reported in the sap of one sugar maple tree throughout a sap season, and of 3 individual maples during an early sap flow. Quantitation limits were as low as 15 ppb for individual acids in the analysis of a 100 mL sap sample. Esters were separated on a mixed liquid phase column of 4% SE-52/2% SE-30 on Chromosorb W-HP. They were identified by relative retention time, using a dual flame ionization detector. Naphthalene was used as the internal standard. Concurrent identification of pyruvic, malonic, glutaric, α-ketoglutaric, cis-aconitic, and isocitric acids with those previously mentioned is also possible.

scholarly journals Radial growth of hardwoods following the 1998 ice storm in New Hampshire and Maine

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T Smith ◽  
Walter C Shortle
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Class A ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Ice storms and resulting injury to tree crowns occur frequently in North America. Reaction of land managers to injury caused by the regional ice storm of January 1998 had the potential to accelerate the harvesting of northern hardwoods due to concern about the future loss of wood production by injured trees. To assess the effect of this storm on radial stem growth, increment cores were collected from northern hardwood trees categorized by crown injury classes. For a total of 347 surviving canopy dominant and subdominant trees, a radial growth index was calculated (mean annual increment for 1998–2000 divided by the mean annual increment for 1995–1997). Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) categorized in injury class A (crown loss of less than one-half) had mean growth index values of approximately 1.0, indicating no loss of mean radial growth after 3 years. For injury class B (crown loss of one-half to three-quarters) and class C (crown loss greater than three-quarters), growth index values significantly decreased for sugar maple, yellow birch, and red maple. For white ash, growth index values of classes B and C were not significantly different from those of class A trees. Growth index values of A. saccharum and A. rubrum in injury class C were the lowest of those measured. These results indicated that the severity of growth loss due to crown injury depends on tree species and crown replacement as well as the extent of crown loss.

Classifying forestland from model-generated tree species habitat suitability in the Western Ecoregion of Nova Scotia, Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Baah-Acheamfour ◽  
Charles P.-A. Bourque ◽  
Fan-Rui Meng ◽  
D. Edwin Swift
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Hybrid Classification

Forestland classification is central to the sustainable management of forests. In this paper, we explore the possibility of classifying forestland from species–habitat–suitability indices and a hybrid classification of modeled data. Raster-based calculations of species–habitat–suitability were derived as a function of landscape-level descriptions of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil water content (SWC), and growing degree-days (GDD) for southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. PAR and SWC were both generated with the LanDSET model and GDD from thermal data captured with the space-borne MODIS sensor. We compared the distribution of predicted forestland types with the natural range of target species as found in the provincial permanent sample plots (PSPs). Reasonable agreement (≥50% accuracy) existed between some forestland types (e.g., red maple – white birch – red oak and balsam fir – red maple) and PSP-based assessments of species presence–absence. Agreement was noticeably lower for other forestland types, such as sugar maple – beech – yellow birch (<50% accuracy). This discrepancy is attributed to forest-forming factors not directly addressed by the model, e.g., forest succession, stand interventions, and disturbance. Their addition in the model could change the dynamics of tree-species preference in southwest Nova Scotia and is worth examining. True model inaccuracies accounted for about 0.3%–15.0% of the total reported error.

scholarly journals Improving the Composition of Beech-Dominated Northern Hardwood Understories in Northern Maine

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Nelson ◽  
Robert G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optimal Treatment ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Understory Composition ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Selection Harvesting

Abstract The natural regeneration that develops following the shelterwood and selection harvesting of northern hardwood stands across the Northeast is often plagued by an overabundance of American beech infected with beech bark disease. This regenerating beech typically dominates and interferes with the regeneration of more desired hardwood species (sugar maple, yellow birch, and red maple), lowering the productivity and value of future stands. We tested factorial combinations of glyphosate herbicide (Accord Concentrate) rate and surfactant (Entrée 5735) concentration to identify an optimal treatment that would maximize beech control while minimizing sugar maple injury. Third-year posttreatment results revealed that glyphosate rate was a more important factor than surfactant concentration in reducing beech abundance and preserving sugar maple. The optimal treatment (0.56‐1.12 kg/ha of glyphosate plus 0.25‐0.5% surfactant) selectively removed 60‐80% of beech stems, whereas sugar maple control was less than 20%. The five dominant hardwood species differed substantially in their susceptibility to the treatments in the following decreasing order: beech > striped maple > yellow birch > red maple > sugar maple. Similar results produced using a backpack mistblower suggested transferability of treatment effects to operational applications using a tractor-mounted mistblower. Our findings indicate that this relatively low-cost and effective treatment can substantially improve the understory composition of northern hardwood stands.

Calcium and magnesium in wood of northern hardwood forest species: relations to site characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Arthur ◽  
T G Siccama ◽  
R D Yanai
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood

Improving estimates of the nutrient content of boles in forest ecosystems requires more information on how the chemistry of wood varies with characteristics of the tree and site. We examined Ca and Mg concentrations in wood at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Species examined were the dominant tree species of the northern hardwood forest and the spruce-fir forest. The concentrations of Ca and Mg, respectively, in lightwood of these species, mass weighted by elevation, were 661 and 145 µg/g for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), 664 and 140 µg/g for American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), 515 and 93 µg/g for yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), 525 and 70 µg/g for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), 555 and 118 µg/g for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and 393 and 101 µg/g for white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). There were significant patterns in Ca and Mg concentrations with wood age. The size of the tree was not an important source of variation. Beech showed significantly greater concentrations of both Ca (30%) and Mg (33%) in trees growing in moist sites relative to drier sites; sugar maple and yellow birch were less sensitive to mesotopography. In addition to species differences in lightwood chemistry, Ca and Mg concentrations in wood decreased with increasing elevation, coinciding with a pattern of decreasing Ca and Mg in the forest floor. Differences in Ca and Mg concentration in lightwood accounted for by elevation ranged from 12 to 23% for Ca and 16 to 30% for Mg for the three northern hardwood species. At the ecosystem scale, the magnitude of the elevational effect on lightwood chemistry, weighted by species, amounts to 18% of lightwood Ca in the watershed and 24% of lightwood Mg but only 2% of aboveground biomass Ca and 7% of aboveground Mg.

THE CONSTITUTION OF A HEMICELLULOSE FROM SUGAR MAPLE (ACER SACCHARUM)

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 893-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Timell
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Linear Chain ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Partial Hydrolysis ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Partial hydrolysis of the main hemicellulose constituent of sugar maple (Acersaccharum) has yielded D-xylose, D-galacturonic acid, 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, and 2-O-(4-O-methyl-α-D-glucosyluronic acid)-D-xylose. Hydrolysis of the fully methylated polysaccharide gave a mixture of 2-O- and 3-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-xylose, and 2-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucosyluronic acid)-3-O-methyl-D-xylose in a mole ratio of 3:111:1:12. The number-average degrees of polymerization of the native and the methylated polysaccharide were 205 and 149, respectively. These data indicate that the hemicellulose is composed of a linear chain of 1,4-linked β-D-xylose residues and that on the average every tenth residue of the chain carries a terminal 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid residue attached through its C2. The structure of the polysaccharide is similar to that of the main hemicellulose component of European beech, white birch, and yellow birch.

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