NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): I. A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM AND ASEPTIC-CULTURE TECHNIQUE

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 331-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. House
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
The Third ◽  
Aseptic Culture ◽  
Entomophagous Insect ◽  
Pure Substances ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Nutritional Studies

A chemically defined medium consisting mainly of amino acids, dextrose, salts, and vitamins, and an aseptic technique are described for nutritional studies with larvae of Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.), a dipterous parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) In feeding tests with 542 larvae, microorganisms contaminated only 3.9% of the initial number. Within an assay period of 20 days, 83.9% of the aseptic larvae reared on the medium reached the third instar. After removal from the rearing medium, 59.9% of the aseptic larvae pupated and a number of adults emerged. The time required for 50% of the aseptic larvae to develop to the third instar was 9.2 days. This is the first medium composed of chemically pure substances, with the exception of agar, to be successfully used for rearing a parasitic, entomophagous insect. Since the intervention of microorganisms can be avoided, a basis is provided for further nutritional studies with P. affinis.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): V. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF THE AMINO ACID MIXTURE, DEXTROSE, POTASSIUM ION, THE SALT MIXTURE, AND LARD ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT; AND A SUBSTITUTE FOR LARD

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. House ◽  
J. S. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Salt Mixture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Nutritional Studies

An improved chemically defined diet has been developed for aseptic rearing of the parasitic dipteron Pseudosarcophaga affiuis (Fall.). The time required for 50% of the larvae to develop to the third instar was decreased from nine to five days, and the percentage of larvae that became adults was increased from 19 to 60. These improvements resulted from a reduction in the dextrose concentration to 0.5% of the diet and the inclusion of 0.4% of lard or of a mixture of fatty acids. Reducing the concentration of the salt mixture when the concentration of potassium was increased did not affect growth. The optimum concentration of amino acids was about 2.0% of the medium. Excessive concentrations of amino acids, dextrose, and the salt mixture were toxic.

Physiological ecology of the bloom-forming alga Chrysochromulina breviturrita (Prymnesiophyceae) from lakes influenced by acid precipitation

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2231-2239 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Wehr ◽  
Lewis M. Brown ◽  
Kathryn O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Ph Tolerance ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Nutritional Studies

Many soft-water lakes in northeastern North America subject to acid precipitation have been affected by lakewide odours. These odours are associated with blooms consisting of nearly unialgal populations of the greenish gold alga Chrysochromulina breviturrita Nich. (Prymnesiophyceae). The alga was isolated from Cinder Lake (Ontario) into axenic culture and maintained in a chemically defined medium which corresponds to the chemistry of lakes influenced by acid precipitation. The medium which was developed, Muskoka No. 42, is described in detail and compared with the average water chemistry of affected lakes. The pH tolerance range of C. breviturrita was determined to be 4.0–6.9, with an optimum of 5.5–6.9; the alga was unable to survive above neutrality. Additions of [Formula: see text] at 100 μM or greater completely inhibited growth. Nutritional studies suggested an inability to grow on any nitrogen source other than [Formula: see text]. The alga was also found to require the vitamins B12 and thiamine but not biotin. The present results represent the first published study in which a freshwater member of the Prymnesiophyceae has been maintained axenically in a defined medium.

Physiology of two monocentric chytrids: comparative nutritional studies of Entophlyctis sp. and Entophlyctis aureus (Chytridiales)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozaffar W Hassan ◽  
Edward J Catapane
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Vitamin Requirements ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Vitamin Mixture ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

This paper describes physiological characteristics of Entophlyctis sp. and Entophlyctis aureus Fisher. The two chytrids grew best at 20-25°C in a chemically defined medium, and at 20-30°C in nutrient solutions containing bactotryptone and glucose. The range of pH that supported good growth was 6.5-8.5. Both organisms utilized ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, several amino acids, and glucose, fructose, mannose, maltose, and raffinose. They were prototrophic with respect to vitamin requirements, and vitamin mixture at a concentration of 10 µg/mL inhibited growth. They are physiologically similar to Entophlyctis confervae-glomeratae (Cienkowski) Sparrow.Key words: Entophlyctis sp., Entophlyctis aureus, Entophlyctis confervae-glomeratae.

Improved cryopreservation of domestic cat sperm in a chemically defined medium

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 2120-2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Vick ◽  
H.L. Bateman ◽  
C.A. Lambo ◽  
W.F. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium

Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Infective Larva ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cutaneous Blood ◽  
Fourth Stage Larva

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.

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