Oxygen consumption of a large, cold-adapted frog egg (Ascaphus truei (Amphibia: Ascaphidae))

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert A. Brown

Female Ascaphus lay a small number of large eggs beneath rocks in cold, montane streams of the Pacific Northwest. Average number of eggs per female is 45 (range, 28 to 64) and average egg diameter is 4 mm (range, 3.5 to 4.5). The large eggs of Ascaphus contain a relatively large amount of nutrients. Average wet weight of a single egg is 37.5 mg and dry weight is 23.7 mg (63% of wet weight). The oxygen consumption rate of embryos during development at 15 °C increases gradually during cleavage (0.25 μl O2/h per embryo) and more rapidly during neurula and postneurula stages (0.60 to 0.90 μl O2/h per embryo) to a value of 1.20 μl O2/h per embryo at vitelline circulation. The cold-adapted eggs of Ascaphus are characterized by large size, slow developmental rate and low oxygen consumption rate.

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Qiu ◽  
Robin Bedding

AbstractEnergy metabolism of the infective juveniles (IJ) of Steinernema carpocapsae under aerobic conditions and its relation to survival and infectivity of the IJ was studied by monitoring the changes in mean dry weight, levels of key energy reserve compounds, oxygen consumption rate, respiratory quotient, survival and infectivity of freshly harvested IJ incubated in tap water on a shaker at 28°C over time. The survival rate of the IJ exceeded 90% for the first 6 weeks and then dropped sharply to about 50% at week 8. The infectivity of the IJ did not change markedly within the first 3 weeks, dropped slightly during weeks 4 and 5 and then decreased sharply to week 6. The mean dry weight of the IJ dropped at a roughly constant rate from an initial level of 74 ng/IJ to 41 ng/IJ at week 6. Thus, during the period of 6 weeks at 28°C, each IJ consumed nearly half of its initial dry weight. Consumption of the lipids, proteins, glycogen and trehalose accounted for 91, 41, 56 and 78% of the initial levels of these compounds and 47, 41, 9 and 3% of the total dry weight of materials consumed, respectively. Most lipids were consumed in the first 3 weeks while most proteins, glycogen and trehalose were consumed in the last 2 or 3 weeks. Oxygen consumption rate decreased from 3.0 to 0.5 ml/million IJ/day from day 1 to week 6 while the respiratory quotient remained constant at about 0.7 for the first 4 weeks then dropped sharply to 0.3 at week 6. Both survival time and the rate of reduction in mean dry weight of IJ were severely affected by temperature and buffering. The functions of the individual energy reserve materials, characteristics of the energy metabolism and the relationship between energy metabolism and the survival and infectivity of the IJ are discussed. Der Energiestoffwechsel und seine Beziehung zum Überleben und zur Infektivität der Infektionsjuvenilen von Steinernema carpocapsae unter aeroben Bedingungen - Der Energiestoffwechsel der Infektionsjuvenilen (IJ) von Steinernema carpocapsae unter aeroben Bedingungen und seine Beziehungen zum Überleben und zur Infektivität der IJ wurde untersucht durch die Erfassung der Änderungen im mittleren Trockengewicht, des Niveaus der wichtigen Energiereservestoffe, des Sauerstoffverbrauchs, des Respirationsquotienten sowie der Überlebensrate und der Infektivität frisch gewonnener IJ, die in Leitungswasser bei 28°C auf einem Schüttler gehalten wurden. Die Überlebensrate überschritt während der ersten sechs Wochen 90% und fiel dann in der achten Woche schnell auf etwa 50% ab. Die Infektivität änderte sich innerhalb der ersten 3 Wochen wenig, fiel dann im Laufe der Wochen 4 und 5 etwas ab, verminderte sich dann aber schnell in Woche 6. Das mittlere Trockengewicht der IJ fiel ungefähr gleichmäßig von einem Ausgangsniveau von 74 ng/IJ auf 41 ng/IJ in Woche 6 ab. Jedes IJ verbrauchte also bei 28°C innerhalb von 6 Wochen fast die Hälfte seines ursprünglichen Trockengewichts. Vom ursprünglichen Gehalt an Lipiden wurden 91% verbraucht, von Proteinen 41%, von Glykogen 56% und von Trehalose 78%. Vom Gesamtverbrauch entfielen 47% auf Lipide, 41% auf Proteine, 9% auf Glykogen und 3% auf Trehalose. Die meisten Lipide wurden in den ersten drei Wochen verbraucht, während die meisten Proteine, Glykogen und Trehalose in den letzten 2 oder 3 Wochen verbraucht wurden. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch fiel von 3,0 auf 0,5 ml/million IJ/Tag von Tag 1 bis Woche 6, während der Respirationsquotient in den ersten 4 Wochen konstant bei 0,7 und dann schnell auf 0,3 in Woche 6 abnahm. Überlebensdauer und Abnahme des mittleren Trockengewichts wurden durch Temperatur und Pufferung stark beeinflusst. Die Funktionen der einzelnen Energiereservestoffe, die Kennzeichen des Energiestoffwechsels und die Beziehungen zwischen Energiestoffwechsel, Überleben und Infektivität der IJ werden diskutiert.


Author(s):  
Grażyna Mazurkiewicz-Boroń ◽  
Teresa Bednarz ◽  
Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak

Microbial efficiency in a meromictic reservoirIndices of microbial efficiency (expressed as oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release) were determined in the water column of the meromictic Piaseczno Reservoir (in an opencast sulphur mine), which is rich in sulphur compounds. Phytoplankton abundances were low in both the mixolimnion (up to 15 m depth) and monimolimnion (below 15 m depth). In summer and winter, carbon dioxide release was 3-fold and 5-fold higher, respectively, in the monimolimnion than in the mixolimnion. Laboratory enrichments of the sulphur substrate of the water resulted in a decrease in oxygen consumption rate of by about 42% in mixolimnion samples, and in the carbon dioxide release rate by about 69% in monimolimnion samples. Water temperature, pH and bivalent ion contents were of major importance in shaping the microbial metabolic efficiency in the mixolimnion, whilst in the monimolimnion these relationships were not evident.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4366
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Paszkiewicz ◽  
Richard N. Bergman ◽  
Roberta S. Santos ◽  
Aaron P. Frank ◽  
Orison O. Woolcott ◽  
...  

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8367
Author(s):  
Hien Lau ◽  
Shiri Li ◽  
Nicole Corrales ◽  
Samuel Rodriguez ◽  
Mohammadreza Mohammadi ◽  
...  

Pre-weaned porcine islets (PPIs) represent an unlimited source for islet transplantation but are functionally immature. We previously showed that necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) immediately after islet isolation enhanced the in vitro development of PPIs. Here, we examined the impact of Nec-1 on the in vivo function of PPIs after transplantation in diabetic mice. PPIs were isolated from pancreata of 8–15-day-old, pre-weaned pigs and cultured in media alone, or supplemented with Nec-1 (100 µM) on day 0 or on day 3 of culture (n = 5 for each group). On day 7, islet recovery, viability, oxygen consumption rate, insulin content, cellular composition, insulin secretion capacity, and transplant outcomes were evaluated. While islet viability and oxygen consumption rate remained high throughout 7-day tissue culture, Nec-1 supplementation on day 3 significantly improved islet recovery, insulin content, endocrine composition, GLUT2 expression, differentiation potential, proliferation capacity of endocrine cells, and insulin secretion. Adding Nec-1 on day 3 of tissue culture enhanced the islet recovery, proportion of delta cells, beta-cell differentiation and proliferation, and stimulation index. In vivo, this leads to shorter times to normoglycemia, better glycemic control, and higher circulating insulin. Our findings identify the novel time-dependent effects of Nec-1 supplementation on porcine islet quantity and quality prior to transplantation.


1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-395
Author(s):  
R. W. EDWARDS

1. The oxygen consumption rates of 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius have been measured at 10 and 20° C. using a constant-volume respirometer. 2. The oxygen consumption is approximately proportional to the 0.7 power of the dry weight: it is not proportional to the estimated surface area. 3. This relationship between oxygen consumption and dry weight is the same at 10 and at 20° C.. 4. The rate of oxygen consumption at 20° C. is greater than at 10° C. by a factor of 2.6. 5. During growth the percentage of dry matter of 4th-instar larvae increases from 10 to 16 and the specific gravity from 1.030 to 1.043. 6. The change in the dry weight/wet weight ratio during the 4 larval instar supports the theory of heterauxesis. 7. At 20° C., ‘summer’ larvae respire faster than ‘winter’ larvae.


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