Lakes Michigan and Huron limit gene flow between the subspecies of the butterfly Limenitis arthemis

Near the Straits of Mackinac, the Limenitis arthemis population on Michigan's Upper Peninsula consists mostly of the disruptively banded L. a. arthemis, while the population on its Lower Peninsula consists mostly of the unbanded, mimetic L. a. astyanax and arthemis–astyanax intergrades. Except at the straits, the Upper and Lower peninsulas are broadly separated by lakes Michigan and Huron. On the Lower Peninsula, arthemis-like forms are most common on the shore close to the Upper Peninsula but are much less frequent only 20 km south, probably because of the northward flow of astyanax genes. Neither population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium because of a deficiency of "hétérozygotes," possibly because of cross-lake emigration at the straits.

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Genetic Differentiation among Populations of the Northern Redbelly Dace (Phoxinus eos) in Ontario

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f94-122 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 1218-1228 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. Anna Toline ◽

Allan J. Baker

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Genetic Differentiation ◽

Fish Species ◽

Protein Electrophoresis ◽

The Other ◽

Population Divergence ◽

Average Heterozygosity ◽

Weinberg Equilibrium ◽

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽

Population Substructuring

Eighteen populations of northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos) from three regions in Ontario were examined genetically using protein electrophoresis. Differentiation among regions was greater (FST = 0.100) than within them (FST = 0.045–0.064), suggesting that levels of gene flow are high enough to prevent differentiation through drift only within regions. Levels of heterozygosity, percent polymorphic loci, and number of alleles per locus are high relative to other fish species, which suggests that populations of dace in this study have not been subject to severe bottlenecks. Thus, population divergence has apparently occurred gradually over the last 10 000 yr. Average heterozygosity was not correlated with pond area. Thus, populations in Algonquin Park are not more prone to the effects of drift than those in the other two regions. Populations from the Sudbury region were genetically differentiated from those in Algonquin Park and from near Kingston, a result consistent with the historical biogeography of Ontario. Despite relatively high levels of heterozygosity, observed levels in this study deviated significantly from those expected from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The breeding biology of P. eos and other fish suggests that our results may be explained by the presence of population substructuring in the localities sampled.

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Genetic diversity detection of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) by genes associated with coat color

Revista Mvz Córdoba ◽

10.21897/rmvz.47 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 4779-4789

Author(s):

Luz Correa A ◽

Cindy Reyes E ◽

Enrique Pardo P ◽

Teodora Cavadia M

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Gene Flow ◽

Genetic Distance ◽

Coat Color ◽

Equus Caballus ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Domestic Horse ◽

Global Level ◽

Weinberg Equilibrium ◽

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the population structure and genetic diversity in populations of domestic horse (Equus caballus) in the municipality Cienaga de Oro-Córdoba (Colombia). Materials and methods. Random sampling were conducted between August and October 2013, in adult animals on farms seven districts, which was carried out phenotypic characterization of each animal, based on autosomal markers encoding morphological Extension (E) , Agouti (A), Cream (C), White (W), Gray (G), Tobiano (TO), Overo (O) and Roan (RN). Population genetic parameters: allele frequency, genetic diversity, gene flow, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genetic distance were calculated through the program POPGENE 1.31; the genetic structure was assessed using the program FSTAT v. 2.9.3.2. Results. 341 individuals were analyzed in the seven populations studied, where the Extension gene Was the MOST faq frequently as the Overo and Tobiano genes showed the lowest values. Insignificant values of genetic variability and population recorded a global level, likewise, low genetic differentiation among populations, accompanied by a high gene flow was obtained; an excess of heterozygotes at population and global level was observed; to this is added the presence of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all populations relative to the markers studied and low genetic distance values were reported. Conclusions. The populations are highly genetically related, a situation that may result from the existing geographical proximity between them, favoring genetic exchange and the establishment of a metapopulation.

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Isozyme variation in quaking aspen in Minnesota

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x92-068 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 521-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Steven T. Lund ◽

Glenn R. Furnier ◽

Carl A. Mohn

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Mating System ◽

Allele Frequencies ◽

Quaking Aspen ◽

Isozyme Variation ◽

Weinberg Equilibrium ◽

Genotype Frequencies ◽

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽

Isozyme Loci

Variation at 10 polymorphic isozyme loci was examined for nine populations of quaking aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) in Minnesota. Mean observed and expected estimates of isozyme heterozygosity were 0.217 and 0.220, respectively, with no significant differences in allele frequencies among populations and no significant deviations from genotype frequencies expected under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These results suggest relatively high levels of gene flow among populations and a mating system involving little inbreeding.

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