The response of yellow warblers to brown-headed cowbird models in Prince Edward Island

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Teather ◽  
Shannon Cronin

The negative impact of brown-headed cowbird parasitism (Molothrus ater) on the reproductive success of many songbirds has led to the evolution of host defensive behaviours that may reduce the chance of being parasitized. Populations of songbirds that have only recently experienced cowbird parasitism, however, may have had insufficient time to develop such behaviours. We examined the response of nesting yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia), a host species, to cowbird models on Prince Edward Island, where cowbirds have been present for less than 50 years. Yellow warblers gave more alarm calls and remained closer to their nests when presented with a cowbird model than when presented with a model of a white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), a nonthreatening local species. Our results suggest that yellow warblers recognize brown-headed cowbirds as greater threats to their nests and respond in a way that is similar to other populations which have been exposed to cowbirds for a much longer period of time.

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1685-1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A Gill ◽  
Spencer G Sealy

During nest defence, yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) give "seet" and "chip" calls. Seet calls are given preferentially toward brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) during the yellow warblers' egg-laying period, whereas chip calls are given toward mammalian and avian nest predators throughout the nesting period. In this study, we investigated two possible functions of seet and chip calls during nest defence by playing alarm calls to nesting yellow warblers. We tested whether nest owners give seet and chip calls during defence to alert their offspring and their mates about nest threats and, in the latter case, whether the alarm calls differ in function depending on nesting stage. In response to playbacks, nestlings remained inactive for a significantly longer period when chip calls were played than when seet calls were played. Female yellow warblers returned to their nesting areas more quickly when seet calls were played than when chip calls were played, but pairs were equally likely to return to the nesting area in response to both call types. These findings suggests that both seet and chip calls alert mates but that only chip calls function to alert nestlings of potential danger.


Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 123 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 84-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer G. Sealy ◽  
Diane L. Neudorf

AbstractFour host species of the parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) were exposed to taxidermic mounts of a female cowbird, fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca), and common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) at their nests during their egg-laying or nestling stage. Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), a species that accepts cowbird eggs laid in their nests, responded more aggressively to cowbird models early in their nesting cycle, indicating that they recognized the unique threat the cowbird posed. Gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis), northern orioles (Icterus galbula), and cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) can remove cowbird eggs from their nests and for the most part they responded similarly to cowbird models and the "nonthreatening control," i.e. a fox sparrow. Cedar waxwings were nonaggressive to all the models and may rely on concealment to protect their nests from enemies. Removal of cowbird eggs by puncture ejection is more risky than grasp ejection. Despite this, orioles and waxwings (puncture ejectors) were not significantly more aggressive to cowbird models at egg laying than catbirds (grasp ejectors). Responses of the three rejector species toward the cowbird model did not change over the nesting cycle, indicating further that they do not recognize cowbirds as a unique threat. Rejector species may not recognize cowbirds because they have little experience with them. With the exception of waxwings, all of the hosts recognized the grackle as an enemy and increased their levels of defence from the laying to nestling stages. Three of the host-species did not simply respond in a generalized manner to any intruder at their nests but indeed recognized specific enemies. Considerable interspecific variability exists amongst the four species in defensive behaviours, which may reflect their different nesting habitats.


2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Rock ◽  
S.P. Quinlan ◽  
M. Martin ◽  
D.J. Green

Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater (Boddaert, 1783)) often reduces the reproductive success of their hosts. We examined whether the ability of females to avoid or mitigate the costs of brood parasitism improved with age in a population of Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia (L., 1766)) breeding near Revelstoke, British Columbia, between 2004 and 2011. Cowbirds parasitized 18% of Yellow Warbler nesting attempts and females rejected 24% of parasitized nests, principally by deserting the nest and initiating a new breeding attempt. We found no evidence that older females were better at avoiding parasitism or more likely to reject parasitized nests than yearlings. On average, brood parasitism reduced clutch sizes by 0.8 eggs, had no effect on nest success, but reduced the number of young fledged from successful nests by 1.3 offspring. Despite age-related improvement in some measures of breeding performance, the costs of brood parasitism at each period of the breeding cycle did not vary with age. There was, however, some evidence, that brood parasitism reduced the annual productivity (total number of young fledged) of older females less than the annual productivity of yearlings suggesting that the cumulative costs of brood parasitism varied with age.


Author(s):  
Charles E. Taylor ◽  
Yi-Ju Wang ◽  
Martin L. Cody

We explored how Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) alter their songs when encountering noise in Grand Teton National Park. Different strategies for avoiding signal masking are used by other species of birds, yet there is a lack of information of birds’ responses to higher noise levels–above 65 dB; such levels are often found in National Parks that have many visitors. In this study, we investigated singing behavior of Yellow Warblers when facing noise that ranged from 30 dB to 80 dB. In these preliminary results, we found that some features of Yellow Warblers did not appear to change with background noise level, including mean minimum frequency, bandwidth and song length. Other song features we studied did show small but statistically significant changes with higher background noise, including the peak frequency and the mean minimum frequency, both of which were significantly negatively correlated with the level of background noise. This result is different from the positive correlations that are typically observed. We speculate that this difference is due to the very high dB levels of background noise that we observed.   Featured photo bywagon16 on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/G2W6Bk


The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Peer ◽  
Lyndon R. Hawkins ◽  
Edwin P. Steinke ◽  
Patricia Blair Bollinger ◽  
Eric K. Bollinger

Abstract The relationship between the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) and its cavity-nesting hosts has received little attention because of the assumption that cowbirds rarely parasitize these hosts. We tested the Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis), a host that is sometimes heavily parasitized by cowbirds, for egg ejection behavior. Bluebirds ejected 65% of experimentally added cowbird eggs (n  =  20), but ejected no experimentally added conspecific eggs (n  =  66). This suggests that cowbird parasitism, not conspecific brood parasitism, is the selective pressure responsible for egg ejection in this species. This level of rejection may be conservative because bluebirds nest in dark cavities, which may make cowbird eggs difficult to detect by bluebirds.


1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1926-1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Cosens ◽  
Spencer G. Sealy

Songs of male yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia), ranging from 1 to 6 years of age, were recorded in the spring and summer of 1984. Recorded repertoire size and number of songs shared with neighbours varied positively with age in the spring but not in summer. Neither clutch initiation date nor fledging success varied with age or number of songs shared but both measures of reproductive success varied with size of recorded song repertoire.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Peer ◽  
Spencer G. Sealy

AbstractWe conducted a comparative analysis of eight potential correlates of egg rejection in hosts of the parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) to test the evolutionary equilibrium and evolutionary lag hypotheses as explanations for the acceptance of cowbird parasitism. The analyses generally supported evolutionary lag. Historic contact with cowbirds may explain why hosts that have recently come into contact with cowbirds accept parasitism, but it does not account for acceptance by hosts with long histories of contact with cowbirds. Egg predation by hosts, nest sanitation, population size, and egg appearance were not correlated with rejection. Larger species that typically build larger nests were more likely to reject. Large hosts may have been parasitized more frequently in the past, possibly due to their more easily found nests or superiority as hosts, and as a result, may have had more opportunity to evolve rejection. Rejection was also correlated with taxonomic affiliation, suggesting that once rejection evolves it is maintained, which implies that rejection is not costly and thus argues against an evolutionary equilibrium. Not surprisingly, hosts with large bills were more likely to reject. This may be a corollary of the tendency for large hosts, which tend to have larger bills, to reject. An evolutionary equilibrium may exist for hosts with eggs that resemble cowbird eggs, depending on the costs to host reproductive success and the likelihood of committing recognition errors. Nevertheless, some hosts have been in contact with cowbirds for a long time, build large nests, have large bills, have a “favorable” phylogeny, and lay eggs that differ from cowbird eggs, yet accept cowbird parasitism. Chance may play a role in the accumulation of the necessary recombinants and mutations necessary for the evolution of rejection.Factores Correlacionados con el Rechazo de Huevos por parte de Hospederos de Molothrus aterResumen. Realizamos un análisis comparativo de ocho factores que potencialmente podrían estar correlacionados con el rechazo de huevos por parte de hospederos del parásito de cría Molothrus ater para poner a prueba las hipótesis de equilibrio evolutivo y de demora en la respuesta evolutiva propuestas para explicar la aceptación del parasitismo. Los análisis generalmente apoyaron la hipótesis de la demora en la respuesta evolutiva. El contacto histórico con Molothrus podría explicar por qué hospederos que sólo recientemente han entrado en contacto con estas aves aceptan el parasitismo, pero no explica por qué hay hospederos que tienen largas historias de contacto con el parásito y aceptan ser parasitadas. La depredación de huevos por parte del hospedero, el comportamiento de aseo del nido, el tamaño poblacional y la apariencia de los huevos no estuvieron correlacionados con el rechazo de huevos parásitos. Las especies grandes, que típicamente construyen nidos más grandes, presentaron una probabilidad más alta de rechazar huevos. Los hospederos más grandes podrían haber sido parasitados más frecuentemente en el pasado, posiblemente debido a que sus nidos se encuentran con mayor facilidad o a que son mejores hospederos y, como resultado, podrían haber tenido mayores oportunidades evolutivas para desarrollar el comportamiento de rechazar huevos. El comportamiento de rechazo también estuvo correlacionado con la filiación taxonómica, lo que sugiere que una vez que éste evoluciona se mantiene, implicando que no es costoso, lo que a su vez es un argumento en contra de la hipótesis del equilibrio evolutivo. De forma poco sorprendente, los hospederos con picos grandes fueron más propensos a rechazar huevos. Esto podría ser un corolario de la tendencia de los hospederos grandes (los cuales tienden a tener picos más grandes) a rechazar huevos. Es posible que exista un equilibrio evolutivo para los casos de hospederos que tienen huevos que se asemejan a los de Molothrus, dependiendo de los costos sobre el éxito reproductivo del hospedero y la probabilidad de cometer errores de reconocimiento. Sin embargo, algunos hospederos han estado en contacto con Molothrus por períodos prolongados, construyen nidos grandes, tienen picos grandes, tienen afinidades filogenéticas “favorables” y ponen huevos que difieren de los del parásito, y aún así aceptan el parasitismo. El azar podría jugar un papel importante en la acumulación de los recombinantes y mutaciones necesarios para que el comportamiento de rechazo pueda evolucionar.


1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1008-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percy N. Hébert ◽  
Spencer G. Sealy

It has been hypothesized that in passerine birds the larger size of last-laid eggs is part of a brood-survival strategy. We examined the usefulness of the brood-survival hypothesis in explaining intraclutch variation in egg mass of Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia). In 4- and 5-egg clutches, egg mass increased significantly with laying order. Although last-hatched nestlings in broods of 4 had higher survival rates than their counterparts in broods of 5, there were no differences in the absolute or relative mass of last-laid eggs in clutches of 4 and 5 eggs. In addition, the mass of last-laid eggs that hatched but did not produce a fledgling was not significantly different from that of last-laid eggs that did produce a fledgling. Finally, the relative mass of last-laid eggs was also not correlated with hatch spread or with date of clutch initiation. The results of this study do not support the brood-survival hypothesis.


1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Pribil ◽  
Jaroslav Picman

We tested five hypotheses that may explain why House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) nests are rarely parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). House Wrens may prevent parasitism in five ways: (1) by choosing to nest in cavities with small entrances (inaccessible-entrance hypothesis), (2) by restricting the size of the entrance with nest material (nest-structure hypothesis), (3) by puncturing and ejecting parasitic eggs (puncture–ejection hypothesis), (4) by burying the parasitized clutch under a new nest (egg-burial hypothesis), or (5) by abandoning the parasitized nest altogether (nest-desertion hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses in field experiments and found that (i) female cowbirds cannot enter circular entrances smaller than 38 mm in diameter, (ii) wrens prefer cavities with small entrances (inaccessible to cowbirds) to those with large entrances (accessible to cowbirds), (iii) when forced to breed in cavities with large entrances, wrens do not reduce the entrance size with nest material, (iv) despite the unusual strength of cowbird eggs, wrens are physically capable of puncture–ejecting them, (v) wrens do not puncture–eject cowbird eggs from their own nests, (vi) wrens do not abandon parasitized nests or bury the parasitized clutches under new nests. These results are consistent with the inaccessible-entrance hypothesis. We propose that additional nesting adaptations, as well as active cowbird avoidance of House Wrens, may contribute to the low frequency of cowbird parasitism.


1989 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Hobson ◽  
Spencer G. Sealy

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