scholarly journals MULTIMODAL HUMAN BRAIN LONGITUDINAL PARCELLATION ACROSS LIFESPAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUNYI YAN ◽  
JINZHU YANG ◽  
DAZHE ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Connectivity Matrix ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Similarity Matrix ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Population Average

Subdividing the human brain into several functionally distinct and spatially contiguous areas is important to understand the amazingly complex human cerebral cortex. However, adult aging is related to differences in the structure, function, and connectivity of brain areas, so that the single population subdivision does not apply to multiple age groups. Moreover, different modalities could provide affirmative and complementary information for the human brain subdivision. To obtain a more reasonable subdivision of the cerebral cortex, we make use of multimodal information to subdivide the human cerebral cortex across lifespan. Specifically, we first construct a population average functional connectivity matrix for each modality of each age group. Second, we separately calculate the population average similarity matrix for the cortical thickness and myelin modality of each age group. Finally, we fuse these population average matrixes to obtain the multimodal similarity matrix and feed it into the spectral clustering algorithm to generate the brain parcellation for each age group.

Multiple Saccades Are More Automatic Than Single Saccades

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 3148-3151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul van Donkelaar ◽  
Sandy Saavedra ◽  
Marjorie Woollacott
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Initial Saccade ◽  
Fixation Control

In this paper, we demonstrate that when a peripheral object is foveated by a sequence of multiple saccades, the initial saccade in the sequence is initiated markedly faster than a single accurate saccade to the same object. We suggest that multiple saccades represent a more automatic form of oculomotor planning that may be the result of a reduced influence from the cerebral cortex. To test this, we compared single and multiple saccade characteristics across development. We find that in contrast to the reduction in the latency of single saccades that is observed across development, the latency of initial saccades in multiple saccade sequences is remarkably stable across all age groups. Moreover, the longer the latency of this initial saccade, the more accurate it is, suggesting that there is a relation between the degree of procrastination and the accuracy of the response. Finally, the frequency with which multiple saccades occurred within each age group was positively correlated with the tendency to generate erroneous saccades during a fixation control task. Taken together, the present data suggest that multiple saccades are generated in a more automatic manner than single saccades.

scholarly journals Highly reproducible human brain organoids recapitulate cerebral cortex cellular diversity.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Velasco ◽  
Bruna Paulsen ◽  
Paola Arlotta
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Detailed Protocol

Abstract Human brain organoids hold an unprecedented opportunity to observe, perturb, and study the early stages of human cortical development. Several protocols to generate brain organoids have been described in recent years[1, 2]. However, incomplete characterization and lack of organoid-to-organoid reproducibility has limited their application as an experimental model[3]. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the generation of human dorsal forebrain organoids that show highly reproducible generation of the rich diversity of cell types present in the developing human cerebral cortex. This protocol is a modification of a previous method described by Kadoshima et al.[4]. We also include a detailed description of the protocol used to dissociate organoids into single cells for single-cell RNA-sequencing.

scholarly journals The bioelectric type of the visual area of the cerebral cortex of rats of all ages and sexes

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-521
Author(s):  
V. V. Mizin ◽  
V. P. Lyashenko ◽  
S. M. Lukashov
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Bioelectric Activity ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

In the ontogenesis process, the cerebral cortex undergoes age-related changes. So far as, unlike practically all other systems of mammalian organs, the brain continues to develop and receive new functionality in the postnatal period. Thus with age, there are changes in the bioelectric characteristics of the neocortex. The purpose of the research is to determine the age and sex changes in the bioelectric activity of the cerebral visual cortex of male and female rats of different ages. In the article, we examined changes in absolute (μV2) and normalized (%) indicators of electrical activity of the visual area of rats of different sexes in four age groups: juvenile, young, mature, and presenile age. The research was carried out by the method of registration of bioelectric activity of electrocorticograms (ECoG). Results of multifactorial dispersion analysis of absolute and normalized ECoG indicators of the visual area of the cerebral cortex of rats of all ages showed that there were reliable changes in the frequency-amplitude characteristics of bioelectric activity related to age. At a young age, males have probably lower absolute and normalized power of the delta-rhythm and the normalized beta-like rhythm rate. There was a tendency of decrease in the theta-rhythm. As a result of this redistribution of rhythms a desynchronization of the electrical activity of young males was observed. Mature males have lower absolute power indicators than younger age groups. According to normalized indicators, a synchronization of rhythms of males in the mature age group was observed, which together with values of absolute power can indicate a decrease of the functional activity level of the neocortex and an increase of the influence of endogenous mechanisms on neuronal activity of the visual area of the cerebral cortex. In the presenile age, there was a desynchronization of rhythms. The indicators of an absolute and normalized power of females in the young age group pointed to the synchronization of the bioecoactivity of the neocortex. Among the low-frequency waves, theta-rhythm rhythm dominated in the females of young age. In the mature and presenile age females, there was a probable increase in the percentage of normalized parameters of high-frequency beta waves. The predominance of this rhythm may indicate an increase of cortical tone. The correlation of values of absolute and normalized indicators of bioelectric activity affirmed the desynchronization of the ECoG rhythms of females of mature and presenile age. Sex differences are expressed by a decrease in the absolute power of all ECoG rhythms of the visual area of the cerebral cortex of females relative to males. The age-related changes occurred in a different way in rats of different sex. At a young age, males had desynchronization of rhythms, and females had synchronization, in the mature age it was vice versa. The age changes of the electric activity of the cerebral visual cortex of rats in our opinion may be largely associated with involutional changes of various neurotransmitter and hormonal systems.

scholarly journals The Special Case of Human Astrocytes

Neuroglia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Verkhratsky ◽  
Nancy Bush ◽  
Maiken Nedergaard ◽  
Arthur Butt
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Chimeric Mice ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Astrocytes ◽  
Columnar Organization ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Protoplasmic Astrocytes

In this first issue of Neuroglia, it is highly appropriate that Professor Jorge A. Colombo at the Unit of Applied Neurobiology (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, writes a perspective of idiosyncrasies of astrocytes in the human brain. Much of his work has been focused on the special case of interlaminar astrocytes, so-named because of their long straight processes that traverse the layers of the human cerebral cortex. Notably, interlaminar astrocytes are primate-specific and their evolutionary development is directly related to that of the columnar organization of the cerebral cortex in higher primates. The human brain also contains varicose projection astrocytes or polarized astrocytes which are absent in lower animals. In addition, classical protoplasmic astrocytes dwelling in the brains of humans are ≈15-times larger and immensely more complex than their rodent counterparts. Human astrocytes retain their peculiar morphology even after grafting into rodent brains; that is, they replace the host astrocytes and confer certain cognitive advantages into so-called ‘humanised’ chimeric mice. Recently, a number of innovative studies have highlighted the major differences between human and rodent astrocytes. Nonetheless, these differences are not widely recognized, and we hope that Jorge Colombo’s Perspective and our associated Commentary will help stimulate appreciation of human astrocytes by neuroscientists and glial cell biologists alike.

scholarly journals A global multiregional proteomic map of the human cerebral cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengguang Guo ◽  
Chen Shao ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Wenying Qiu ◽  
Wenting Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Proteomic Map

AbstractThe Brodmann area (BA)-based map is one of the most widely used cortical maps for studies of human brain functions and in clinical practice; however, the molecular architecture of BAs remain unknown. The present study provided a global multiregional proteomic map of the human cerebral cortex by analyzing 29 BAs. These 29 BAs were grouped into 6 clusters based on similarities in proteomic patterns: the motor and sensory cluster, vision cluster, auditory cluster and Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area cluster, cingulate cortex cluster, and heterogeneous function cluster. We identified 474 cluster-specific and 134 BA-specific signature proteins whose functions are closely associated with specialized functions and disease vulnerability of the corresponding cluster or BA. The findings of the present study could provide explanations for the functional connections between the anterior cingulate cortex and sensorimotor cortex and for anxiety-related function in the sensorimotor cortex. The brain transcriptomic and proteomic comparison indicated that they both could reflect the function of cerebral cortex, but showed different characteristics. These proteomic data are publicly available at the Human Brain Proteome Atlas (www.brain-omics.com). Our results may enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of brain functions and provide an important resource to support human brain research.

scholarly journals Human brain mapping: A systematic comparison of parcellation methods for the human cerebral cortex

NeuroImage ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 5-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Arslan ◽  
Sofia Ira Ktena ◽  
Antonios Makropoulos ◽  
Emma C. Robinson ◽  
Daniel Rueckert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Systematic Comparison ◽  
Human Brain Mapping

Allometric departures for the human brain provide insights into hominid brain evolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Rilling
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Cast Doubt

Researchers studying primate brain allometry often focus on departures from allometry more than the allometric relationships themselves because only the former reveal what brain regions and behavioral-cognitive abilities were the focus of selection. Allometric departures for the human brain provide insights into hominid brain evolution and cast doubt on the suggestion that the large human cerebral cortex is a “spandrel.”

Magnetoencephalography Reveals Functions of the Human Brain

Physiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 213-215
Author(s):  
R Hari
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex

Magnetoencephalographic signals, detected noninvasively outside the human head, arise from intracellular currents in the fissural cortex. Localization of these currents gives spatially and temporally accurate information about functional organization of the healthy and diseased human cerebral cortex and about neural basis of cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Exploring the human cerebral cortex using confocal microscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Pesce ◽  
Annunziatina Laurino ◽  
Marina Scardigli ◽  
Jiarui Yang ◽  
David A. Boas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Markers ◽  
Excellent Method

Cover-all mapping of the distribution of neurons in the human brain would have a significant impact on the deep understanding of brain function. Therefore, complete knowledge of the structural organization of different human brain regions at the cellular level would allow understanding their role in the functions of specific neural networks. Recent advances in tissue clearing techniques have allowed important advances towards this goal. These methods use specific chemicals capable of dissolving lipids, making the tissue completely transparent by homogenizing the refractive index. However, labeling and clearing human brain samples is still challenging. Here, we present an approach to perform the cellular mapping of the human cerebral cortex coupling immunostaining with SWITCH/TDE clearing and confocal microscopy. A specific evaluation of the contributions of the autofluorescence signals generated from the tissue fixation is provided as well as an assessment of lipofuscin pigments interference. Our evaluation demonstrates the possibility of obtaining an efficient clearing and labeling process of parts of adult human brain slices, making it an excellent method for morphological classification and antibody validation of neuronal and non-neuronal markers.

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