scholarly journals The Special Case of Human Astrocytes

Neuroglia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Verkhratsky ◽  
Nancy Bush ◽  
Maiken Nedergaard ◽  
Arthur Butt
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Chimeric Mice ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Astrocytes ◽  
Columnar Organization ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Protoplasmic Astrocytes

In this first issue of Neuroglia, it is highly appropriate that Professor Jorge A. Colombo at the Unit of Applied Neurobiology (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, writes a perspective of idiosyncrasies of astrocytes in the human brain. Much of his work has been focused on the special case of interlaminar astrocytes, so-named because of their long straight processes that traverse the layers of the human cerebral cortex. Notably, interlaminar astrocytes are primate-specific and their evolutionary development is directly related to that of the columnar organization of the cerebral cortex in higher primates. The human brain also contains varicose projection astrocytes or polarized astrocytes which are absent in lower animals. In addition, classical protoplasmic astrocytes dwelling in the brains of humans are ≈15-times larger and immensely more complex than their rodent counterparts. Human astrocytes retain their peculiar morphology even after grafting into rodent brains; that is, they replace the host astrocytes and confer certain cognitive advantages into so-called ‘humanised’ chimeric mice. Recently, a number of innovative studies have highlighted the major differences between human and rodent astrocytes. Nonetheless, these differences are not widely recognized, and we hope that Jorge Colombo’s Perspective and our associated Commentary will help stimulate appreciation of human astrocytes by neuroscientists and glial cell biologists alike.

scholarly journals MULTIMODAL HUMAN BRAIN LONGITUDINAL PARCELLATION ACROSS LIFESPAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUNYI YAN ◽  
JINZHU YANG ◽  
DAZHE ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Connectivity Matrix ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Similarity Matrix ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Population Average

Subdividing the human brain into several functionally distinct and spatially contiguous areas is important to understand the amazingly complex human cerebral cortex. However, adult aging is related to differences in the structure, function, and connectivity of brain areas, so that the single population subdivision does not apply to multiple age groups. Moreover, different modalities could provide affirmative and complementary information for the human brain subdivision. To obtain a more reasonable subdivision of the cerebral cortex, we make use of multimodal information to subdivide the human cerebral cortex across lifespan. Specifically, we first construct a population average functional connectivity matrix for each modality of each age group. Second, we separately calculate the population average similarity matrix for the cortical thickness and myelin modality of each age group. Finally, we fuse these population average matrixes to obtain the multimodal similarity matrix and feed it into the spectral clustering algorithm to generate the brain parcellation for each age group.

scholarly journals Highly reproducible human brain organoids recapitulate cerebral cortex cellular diversity.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Velasco ◽  
Bruna Paulsen ◽  
Paola Arlotta
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Detailed Protocol

Abstract Human brain organoids hold an unprecedented opportunity to observe, perturb, and study the early stages of human cortical development. Several protocols to generate brain organoids have been described in recent years[1, 2]. However, incomplete characterization and lack of organoid-to-organoid reproducibility has limited their application as an experimental model[3]. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the generation of human dorsal forebrain organoids that show highly reproducible generation of the rich diversity of cell types present in the developing human cerebral cortex. This protocol is a modification of a previous method described by Kadoshima et al.[4]. We also include a detailed description of the protocol used to dissociate organoids into single cells for single-cell RNA-sequencing.

scholarly journals A global multiregional proteomic map of the human cerebral cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengguang Guo ◽  
Chen Shao ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Wenying Qiu ◽  
Wenting Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Proteomic Map

AbstractThe Brodmann area (BA)-based map is one of the most widely used cortical maps for studies of human brain functions and in clinical practice; however, the molecular architecture of BAs remain unknown. The present study provided a global multiregional proteomic map of the human cerebral cortex by analyzing 29 BAs. These 29 BAs were grouped into 6 clusters based on similarities in proteomic patterns: the motor and sensory cluster, vision cluster, auditory cluster and Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area cluster, cingulate cortex cluster, and heterogeneous function cluster. We identified 474 cluster-specific and 134 BA-specific signature proteins whose functions are closely associated with specialized functions and disease vulnerability of the corresponding cluster or BA. The findings of the present study could provide explanations for the functional connections between the anterior cingulate cortex and sensorimotor cortex and for anxiety-related function in the sensorimotor cortex. The brain transcriptomic and proteomic comparison indicated that they both could reflect the function of cerebral cortex, but showed different characteristics. These proteomic data are publicly available at the Human Brain Proteome Atlas (www.brain-omics.com). Our results may enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of brain functions and provide an important resource to support human brain research.

scholarly journals Human brain mapping: A systematic comparison of parcellation methods for the human cerebral cortex

NeuroImage ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 5-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Arslan ◽  
Sofia Ira Ktena ◽  
Antonios Makropoulos ◽  
Emma C. Robinson ◽  
Daniel Rueckert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Systematic Comparison ◽  
Human Brain Mapping

Allometric departures for the human brain provide insights into hominid brain evolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Rilling
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Cast Doubt

Researchers studying primate brain allometry often focus on departures from allometry more than the allometric relationships themselves because only the former reveal what brain regions and behavioral-cognitive abilities were the focus of selection. Allometric departures for the human brain provide insights into hominid brain evolution and cast doubt on the suggestion that the large human cerebral cortex is a “spandrel.”

Magnetoencephalography Reveals Functions of the Human Brain

Physiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 213-215
Author(s):  
R Hari
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex

Magnetoencephalographic signals, detected noninvasively outside the human head, arise from intracellular currents in the fissural cortex. Localization of these currents gives spatially and temporally accurate information about functional organization of the healthy and diseased human cerebral cortex and about neural basis of cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Exploring the human cerebral cortex using confocal microscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Pesce ◽  
Annunziatina Laurino ◽  
Marina Scardigli ◽  
Jiarui Yang ◽  
David A. Boas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Markers ◽  
Excellent Method

Cover-all mapping of the distribution of neurons in the human brain would have a significant impact on the deep understanding of brain function. Therefore, complete knowledge of the structural organization of different human brain regions at the cellular level would allow understanding their role in the functions of specific neural networks. Recent advances in tissue clearing techniques have allowed important advances towards this goal. These methods use specific chemicals capable of dissolving lipids, making the tissue completely transparent by homogenizing the refractive index. However, labeling and clearing human brain samples is still challenging. Here, we present an approach to perform the cellular mapping of the human cerebral cortex coupling immunostaining with SWITCH/TDE clearing and confocal microscopy. A specific evaluation of the contributions of the autofluorescence signals generated from the tissue fixation is provided as well as an assessment of lipofuscin pigments interference. Our evaluation demonstrates the possibility of obtaining an efficient clearing and labeling process of parts of adult human brain slices, making it an excellent method for morphological classification and antibody validation of neuronal and non-neuronal markers.

C-fos, ERK1/2, MAP2, NOTCH1 Proteins Expression Patterns in Human Cerebral Cortex Neurons after Ischemic Stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-233
Author(s):  
Svetlana P. Sergeeva ◽  
Aleksey V. Lyundup ◽  
Valery V. Beregovykh ◽  
Petr F. Litvitskiy ◽  
Aleksey A. Savin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Left Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Contralateral Hemisphere ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Fos Protein ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Indirect Immunoperoxidase

Background. The search for protein (these include c-fos, ERK1/2, MAP2, NOTCH1) expression that provide neuroplasticity mechanisms of the cerebral cortex after ischemic stroke (IS) patterns is an urgent task. Aims to reveal c-fos, ERK1/2, MAP2, NOTCH1 proteins expression patterns in human cerebral cortex neurons after IS. Materials and methods. We studied 9 left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) IS patients cerebral cortex samples from 3 zones: 1 the zone adjacent to the necrotic tissue focus; 2 zone remote from the previous one by 47 cm; 3 zone of the contralateral hemisphere, symmetric to the IS focus. Control samples were obtained from 3 accident died people. Identification of targeted proteins NSE, c-fos, ERK1/2, MAP2, NOTCH1 was performed by indirect immunoperoxidase immunohistochemical method. Results. Moving away from the ischemic focus, there is an increase in the density of neurons and a decrease in the damaged neurons proportion, the largest share of c-fos protein positive neurons in zone 2, NOTCH1 positive neurons in zone 1, smaller fractions of ERK1/2 and MAP2 positive neurons compared to the control only in samples of zone 1. Conclusions. With the IS development, the contralateral hemisphere is intact tissue increased activation zone, while the zones 1 and 2 have pathological activation signs. In zone 1 of the range, the adaptive response of the tissue decreases, and in zone 2 it expands. Therefore, a key target for therapeutic intervention is zone 2.

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