The Rise and Fall of the French Agences de l’Eau: From German-Type Subsidiarität to State Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard O. Barraqué ◽  
Patrick Laigneau ◽  
Rosa Maria Formiga-Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
State Control ◽  
Integrated Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Administrative Elites

The Agences de l’eau (Water Agencies) are well known abroad as the French attempt to develop integrated water management at river basin scale through the implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). Yet, after 30 years of existence, environmental economists became aware that they were not implementing the PPP, and therefore were not aiming at reducing pollution through economic efficiency. Behind the purported success story, which still attracts visitors from abroad, a crisis has been recently growing. Initially based on the model of the German (rather than Dutch) waterboards, the French system always remained fragile and quasi-unconstitutional. It failed to choose between two legal, economic and institutional conceptions of river basin management. These principles differ on the definition of the PPP, and on the role of levies paid by water users. After presenting these two contrasting visions, the paper revisits the history of the French Agences, to show that, unwilling to modify the Constitution to make room for specific institutions to manage common pool resources, Parliament and administrative elites brought the system to levels of complexity and incoherence which might doom the experiment.

scholarly journals Gender and Rural History: A Roundtable

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cabana ◽  
Colin R. Johnson ◽  
Henry French ◽  
Leen Van Molle
Keyword(s):  
Rural History ◽  
Gender Category ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The aim of this debate article is to promote a discussion of a historiographical nature (not ideological, not political) about the meaning, place and role of gender in both the rural past and the rural historiography. The discussion revolves around a variety of questions, ranging from the relevance, the opportunity and the very history of the use of gender category in rural history, to the analysis of gender (im)balances in the community of historians working in this broadly defined field of studies, not to mention the very definition of what is meant by gender. These and other related topics, for which there are no single or definitive answers, are debated here in a roundtable format.

Brain Death

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupamaa Seshadri ◽  
Ali Salim
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Apnea Test ◽  
Brainstem Reflex ◽  
Practice Parameters ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of “brain death” is one that has been controversial over time, requiring the development of clear guidelines to diagnose and give prognoses for patients after devastating neurologic injury. This review discusses the history of the definition of brain death, as well as the most recent guidelines and practice parameters on the determination of brain death in both the adult and pediatric populations. We provide specific and detailed instructions on the various clinical tests required, including the brain death neurologic examination and the apnea test, and discuss pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain death. This review also considers the most recent literature and guidelines as to the role of confirmatory tests making this diagnosis.  Key Words: apnea test, brain death, brainstem reflex, death examination

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Late Modernity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter extends the book’s insights about nature, technology, and nation to the larger history of the modern period. While the modern nation loses its grip as a locus of identity and analysis, attempts to understand the operation, disruption, and collapse of continental and global infrastructures continue to mix the natural and the machinic in ways that define them both. Those vulnerabilities emphasize large-scale catastrophe; historiographically, they mask the crucial role of small-scale failures in the experience and culture of late modernity, including its definition of nature. Historical actors turned the uneven geographical distribution of small-scale failures into a marker of distinctive local natures and an element of regional and national identity. Attending to those failures helps not only situate cold-war technologies in the larger modern history of natural and machinic orders; it helps provincialize the superpowers by casting problematic “other” natures as central and primary.

The Field of Project Management

2009 ◽  
pp. 10-28
Author(s):  
Matthew Guah
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Host Organization

By examining the history of what was earlier considered project management, this chapter not only points out lessons from past practices but also justifies the selected definition of VLITP. It also explains the role of project management in a fast business environment. The author has demonstrated such importance by representing VLITP in the form of a major initiative that contains a series of relevant processes in the host organization.

Approaches to Water Dispute Resolution: Applications to Arab-Israeli Negotiations

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-325
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Basin Management ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Dispute ◽  
Water Treaties ◽  
International River

AbstractIncreasing and competing demands among countries for water is a major cause of international disputes. This article builds on research of negotiation processes and institutional frameworks of international river basin management. Its focus is the search for effective approaches that can be applied to the resolution of Arab-Israeli water disputes. While every dispute is unique, the Arab-Israeli situation is not the only case with stubborn and long-standing enmities, shortages of water resources, political and economic power imbalances, absences from negotiations of vital riparians, and rapidly changing political climates. In the Arab-Israeli water dispute, there are both parallels and lessons to be learned from the situations in other river basins.The treaties that have thus far emerged from Arab-Israeli negotiations are briefly reviewed, as is the potential for future regional agreements. The history of other river basin negotiations is useful in charting the future directions of the Arab-Israeli water conflict. Issues include options and modes of negotiation, information and technology sharing, the importance of the geopolitical climate, comprehensive versus incremental agreements, linkage of water agreements to environmental and other issues, the power balance among participants, cost-sharing strategies, and institutions, and the capacity for implementation.Although the strained political relations between Arabs and Israelis have worsened in the past year and one-half, the water treaties do not seem endangered for the most part. Indeed, water negotiations may again become one of the confidence-building measures that can facilitate other more general negotiations, after the current stalemate is broken.

Inter-State Arbitration in Historical Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 842-873
Author(s):  
Alexis Keller
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Fourth Moment ◽  
International Dispute ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jay Treaty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Inter State

This chapter identifies the principal moments when the definition of arbitration and the institutions and techniques associated with it underwent major changes. It specifically highlights inter-state arbitration, yet its proposed historical lessons illuminates the entire field of international dispute settlement. This history can be divided into five distinct moments. The first, which could be described as the ‘Greek moment’, refers to the systematic use of arbitration by Greek cities to resolve their conflicts. The second, covering the period between 1200 and 1400 ad, witnessed the emergence of the first arbitration procedures under the influence of canonical law and acknowledged the growing power of the popes in the settlement of disputes between states. The third, marked by the Jay Treaty of 1794, initiated a major turning point in the history of arbitration, as it confirmed the role of diplomatic commissions in the peaceful resolution of disputes. The fourth moment, which began with the Alabama case (1871), saw the establishment of the first impartial and independent tribunal. Finally, the fifth moment began with the setting up of the Permanent Arbitration Court in 1899 and the harmonization of arbitration procedures.

Evolving History of Lake Biwa and Yodo River Basin Management

2011 ◽  
pp. 371-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahisa Nakamura ◽  
Yoshihiko Ogino ◽  
Michio Akiyama ◽  
Kunihiro Moriyasu
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Basin Management ◽  
History Of

Anorexia Nervosa and Dysmorphobia

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sturmey ◽  
P. D. Slade
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
The Family ◽  
External Cues ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Control Behaviour

Anorexia nervosa is frequently associated with neurotic traits and symptoms. The symptomatology and history of a housebound 20-year-old woman with anorexia nervosa and dysmorphophobia are described. The role of the family In maintaining the problems, use of external cues to control behaviour, overvalued somatic ideas and the definition of dysmorphophobia are discussed.

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