The Roots and Evolution of Nationalism in Indonesia

ABSTRACT The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia began at the dawn of the twentieth century, which ultimately led to the birth a new nation-state in 1949. The seeds of national consciousness were sown, and roots of Indonesian nationalism reached its apex during the Revolution (1945-49), manifesting most profoundly in the fight against the oppression of Dutch colonialism. The Revolution was central to the Indonesian republic’s perception of itself and has been influential in fostering nationalism during the post-independence period. This article examines the roots and evolution as well as dynamics and manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, throughout the different phases of Indonesia’s modern history. In doing so, it addresses three salient questions, namely i) how the seeds of national consciousness were sown; ii) what were the underlying factors/dynamics shaping the nature and development of nationalism; and iii) how nationalism and nationhood manifested in a geographically divided, ethno-culturally diverse state like Indonesia, whose citizenry has remained strongly attached to their traditional ethnological and adat communities. Emphasis is given to both stateoriented and popular manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, to highlight the state/elite-centric nature, and populist drive behind its discourses, agenda, and manifestations. Keywords: Indonesia; nationalism; national identity; state nationalism; popular nationalism

Role of Higher Educational Institutes in Developing Self-Reliant Economies

Higher education has the ability to contribute to global, national, and local growth. Institutions of higher education have played an important role in society throughout modern history, training the elite and making groundbreaking advances in science and the humanities. Education broadens people's perspectives on themselves and the world around them. It improves people's competitiveness and innovation while also encouraging entrepreneurship and technical advancement. This chapter will provide an insight on the role of higher educational institutes in economic development. The chapter will provide cross-country analysis and cases from different parts of the globe.

OTTOMAN NAVAL WARS (1454-1918): (HISTORICAL STUDY)‎

Most researchers focus on the land wars of the conflicting countries in ‎ancient, contemporary, or modern history, which gives naval battles and ‎their effects a second role in the causes of victory or defeat. Ottoman naval ‎power and its battles are no exception. Through my study of most of the ‎Ottoman wars in the ancient Ottoman and modern Turkish sources, I found ‎that the impact of naval warfare is no less important than land wars, ‎although they were not the direct causes of victory or defeat. Therefore, my ‎research came to show the naval battles of the Ottoman Empire and to shed ‎light on their causes and consequences. ‎

Ustalenie granicy polsko-sowieckiej – w 100. rocznicę delimitacji granicy ryskiej

The end of World War I brought the issue of the borders of the reborn Poland on the agenda. Their shaping was a long and dramatic process. Among the numerous disputes and conflicts, the Polish-Russian war occupies a special place. Its effect was the defense of the reborn state and the establishment of the eastern border of Poland. The war began in February 1919. However, it ended with the signing of the preliminary treaty on October 12, 1920, and the peace treaty on March 18, 1921 in Riga. The peace treaty eliminated the state of war and established the border line between Poland and Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Its precise delimitation in the field and placing border marks on it was carried out by a special mixed border commission consisting of two delegations - Polish and Russian-Ukrainian-Belarusian. The content of this article is an attempt to look at one of the most important events in the modern history of Poland from the perspective of 100 years, which was the establishment and guidelines of the eastern border of Poland by a mixed border commission. The aim of the paper is to present the work of the committees which took place in an atmosphere of constant dispute and conflicts between representatives of the delegations of both countries. Both parties repeatedly threatened to terminate or suspend the works. Due to the volume framework, it is not possible to fully characterize the archival sources and the published publications. It could be a topic of a separate study. I hope that the bibliography attached to the article will help to provide a thorough and comprehensive presentation of the topic.

A review of the memoirs of the Governor of the Samara region Konstantin Alekseevich Titov in the journal Samara Destinies. Samara, 2019, no. 9

The review analyzes the memoirs of the first governor of the Samara region in the modern history of Russia Konstantin Alekseevich Titov. The ex-governor recorded the most important events of his political career, presented the personal characteristics of statesmen of the period of the 1990-s and early 2000-s. As a result of the study, it was found that in the memoirs of K.A.Titov, the relationship of the Samara governor with statesmen and representatives of the political elite of the Russian Federation is presented and fragmented his activities as a regional head of one of the largest regions of the Russian Federation.