The Application of Ground Conductivity and Offset Wenner Resistivity Soundings to Optimise the Investigation of a 300 ha Site in the West Midlands

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
F. B. Frost ◽  
J. P. Dumble
Keyword(s):  
General Structure ◽  
The West ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Buried Channel ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Geophysical Techniques ◽  
Sand And Gravel ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Surface Geology ◽  
Ground Conductivity

AbstractIn order to evaluate quickly and cost effectively the detailed shallow sub-surface geology of a 300 ha area in the West Midlands, geophysical techniques were used in conjunction with shell and auger drilling. Since the area contains one of the largest landfill sites of its type in Europe and is crossed by a river which is abstracted for drinking water within a short distance downstream, it was important to determine the geology and hydrogeology in some detail.Previous geological surveys of the area, which included the drilling of over 80 boreholes for sand and gravel extraction, indicated the presence of up to 5 m of highly variable sandy overburden overlying Keuper Marl. It was apparent from an initial desk study that despite the large number of boreholes the geology had been completely misinterpreted.A ground conductivity map was produced using a Geonics EM-31 which rapidly gave a picture of the general structure and identified targets for drilling and Offset Wenner resistivity soundings. The geophysics revealed the presence of a major buried channel cutting deeply into the marl, which was later confirmed in several places by drilling. Surface outcrops of clay or marl could be identified using the ground conductivity values alone.The use of the geophysical techniques has considerably reduced the cost and time of the investigation and has allowed the major effort to be concentrated in problem areas.

Cromerian interglacial deposits at Sugworth, near Oxford, England, and their relation to the Plateau Drift of the Cotswolds and the terrace sequence of the Upper and Middle Thames

1980 ◽  
Vol 289 (1034) ◽  
pp. 55-86 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Original Material ◽  
The West ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
River Thames ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sand And Gravel ◽  
Considerable Period

Excavation for the Abingdon bypass road revealed at Sugworth, SW of Oxford, a dissected terrace feature, the Sugworth Bench, covered by a pebbly clay resembling the ‘Plateau Drift’ or ‘Northern Drift’ of the Cotswolds. This rested on Kimmeridge Clay or upon a number of sand and gravel-filled channels cut into the Kimmeridge Clay. These channels are considered to be ancient meanders of an old River Thames with a flow probably seven times that of the present river. One of these channels provided a fauna and flora that indicate a Cromerian Ill b age. The essential facts leading to this conclusion are given here, but detailed discussion of the vertebrates, beetles, ostracods, molluscs and palaeobotany are given in a series of separate papers. Mainly to the NW of Sugworth, extending as far as the Oolite scarp of the Cotswolds, occur isolated patches of what has been called Plateau Drift, with its coarser constituents dominantly of pebbles from the Triassic Bunter Pebble Beds of the west Midlands and with a much smaller content of flint. These sediments have been examined from the aspects of topographical position, pebble content and heavy mineralogy. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. Much of the Plateau Drift is water-deposited, but where it was originally gravel, decalcification by solution of limestone clasts, together with cryoturbation, may give it a spurious resemblance to till. This interpretation does not preclude the original occurrence of some true till. 2. The lowest occurrences of ‘Plateau Drift’ along the Evenlode Valley lie on a surface that is a continuation upstream of the Sugworth Bench. 3. The high level occurrence of Plateau Drift represents the original incursion of west Midland erratic material on to the Cotswold Scarp and its dip plane to the southeast and must be ascribed to glacial action, though it is probable that the more easterly outcrops represent fluvioglacial outwash rather than till. 4. Intermediate levels of Plateau Drift are suggested to be the result of redistribution of original material at various times between the early glaciation and the stage of the Sugworth Bench (i.e. Terrace). Correlation is attempted with the pre-Boyn Hill terraces and summit deposits of the Thames below the Goring Gap. The Sugworth Terrace, initiated in Cromerian Ill b time and probably completed in the Anglian, is correlated with the Winter Hill Terrace, possibly only with the Lower Winter Hill. The highest Plateau Drift is equated with the high level Westland Gravels of Hertfordshire, which show the first introduction of Bunter pebbles to the Middle Thames. Only the broadest of correlations can as yet be made between those deposits of intermediate level in the Middle Thames and the Evenlode. Both Hey and Turner, from evidence in eastern England, have suggested a Baventian Glaciation. The high level Plateau Drift Glaciation may also be of this period, but there is as yet no better estimate of its age than that it preceded Cromerian III b by a considerable period.

Diplomacy Beyond History: Analytic-Violence, Producer-Centred Research, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097492842098307
Author(s):  
Deep K. Datta-Ray
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Nuclear Diplomacy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Insight Into

The history of Indian diplomacy conceptualises diplomacy racially—as invented by the West—and restrictively—to offence. This is ‘analytic-violence’ and it explains the berating of Indians for mimicking diplomacy incorrectly or unthinkingly, and the deleting, dismissing, or denigrating, of diplomatic practices contradicting history’s conception. To relieve history from these offences, a new method is presented, ‘Producer-Centred Research’ (PCR). Initiating with abduction, an insight into a problem—in this case Indian diplomacy’s compromised historicisation—PCR solves it by converting history’s racist rationality into ‘rationalities’. The plurality renders rationality one of many, permitting PCR’s searching for rationalities not as a function of rationality but robust practices explicable in producer’s terms. Doing so is exegesis. It reveals India’s nuclear diplomacy as unique, for being organised by defence, not offence. Moreover, offence’s premise of security as exceeding opponent’s hostility renders it chimerical for such a security is, paradoxically, reliant on expanding arsenals. Additionally, doing so is a response to opponents. This fragments sovereignty and abdicates control for one is dependent on opponent’s choices. Defence, however, does not instigate opponents and so really delivers security by minimising arsenals since offence is eschewed. Doing so is not a response to opponents and so maintains sovereignty and retains control by denying others the right to offense. The cost of defence is courage, for instance, choosing to live in the shadow of nuclear annihilation. Exegesis discloses Balakot as a shift from defence to offence, so to relieve the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) leadership of having to be courageous. The intensity of the intention to discard courage is apparent in the price the BJP paid. This included equating India with Pakistan, permitting it to escalate the conflict, and so imperiling all humanity in a manner beyond history.

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