Collaborative annotations in shared environments

Author(s):  
Francesca Tomasi ◽  
Fabio Vitali
Keyword(s):  
2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Thacher

The urbanization of nineteenth century America led to enormous changes in American criminal justice, as the rise of this dramatically more complex kind of human settlement posed new problems for legal regulation. Some of those problems are familiar. Many reformers emphasized the way cities eroded traditional controls on predatory crime, and they viewed modern police forces, public prosecution, and the modern penitentiary as a means of substituting formal social control for the informal controls of the past. But cities posed a different problem as well. In the city people made their homes in dense mixed-use environments that had not yet been sorted out and segregated along the lines of the modern metropolis, and when they ventured out of them they came together in the crowded streets, squares, and parks that proliferated in the nineteenth century. This complex environment made new demands on their behavior, as conduct that would have bothered no one in sparsely occupied rural spaces became problematic in the densely shared environments of the city. This change did not involve the collapse of old strategies for controlling familiar forms of bad behavior; it involved a shift in what sort of behavior counted as “bad” in the first place. The continued evolution of the urban environment, in turn, depended upon the ability of criminal justice institutions to grapple with these challenges. Shared environments require those who use them to develop and enforce rules to regulate the sharing.


2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1288
Author(s):  
Katie Jones ◽  
Melina Kunar ◽  
Derrick Watson

2021 ◽  
pp. 103979
Author(s):  
Manuel Boldrer ◽  
Alessandro Antonucci ◽  
Paolo Bevilacqua ◽  
Luigi Palopoli ◽  
Daniele Fontanelli

Author(s):  
Ian J. Deary

‘What are the contributions of environments and genes to intelligence differences?’ asks whether genetic inheritance and the environments people experience affect intelligence differences. Researchers use two main resources to answer this question: twins and samples of DNA. Studies of identical and non-identical twins are used to show the contributions of genes, shared environment, and non-shared environment to people’s differences in traits. Twin studies tell us that by adulthood, about two-thirds of intelligence differences are caused by how people vary in their genetic inheritance, and that both shared and non-shared environments make significant contributions to intelligence differences. The introduction of genome-wide association studies in 2011 has provided a new method of estimating the heritability of intelligence.


1992 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gatz ◽  
Nancy L. Pederson ◽  
Robert Plomin ◽  
John R. Nesselroade

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