scholarly journals Genetic Engineering of Livestock: The Opportunity Cost of Regulatory Delay

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison L. Van Eenennaam ◽  
Felipe De Figueiredo Silva ◽  
Josephine F. Trott ◽  
David Zilberman
Keyword(s):  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Global Food

Genetically engineered (GE) livestock were first reported in 1985, and yet only a single GE food animal, the fast-growing AquAdvantage salmon, has been commercialized. There are myriad interconnected reasons for the slow progress in this once-promising field, including technical issues, the structure of livestock industries, lack of public research funding and investment, regulatory obstacles, and concern about public opinion. This review focuses on GE livestock that have been produced and documents the difficulties that researchers and developers have encountered en route. Additionally, the costs associated with delayed commercialization of GE livestock were modeled using three case studies: GE mastitis-resistant dairy cattle, genome-edited porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus–resistant pigs, and the AquAdvantage salmon. Delays of 5 or 10 years in the commercialization of GE livestock beyond the normative 10-year GE product evaluation period were associated with billions of dollars in opportunity costs and reduced global food security. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Balancing food security and AMR

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Research And Policy

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on economics literature on antimicrobial and alternative uses in food animal production on its current state, its drivers, impacts and policy, and provides a general picture of the research for this special agricultural input and future directions for the research and policy. Design/methodology/approach Reduction of antimicrobial uses in food animal production is relevant to both preventing antimicrobial resistance and ensuring global food security. This study focuses on reviewing antimicrobial impact on global food security, particularly in farm production by documenting the main drivers, functions and alternatives of antimicrobial animal uses, comparing different approaches used in evaluating its production effects and providing recommendations for future research and policy development. Findings Three main approaches, controlled animal experiments, comparisons between with and without using antimicrobials at the farm level and comparisons before and after antimicrobial ban as growth promoter, have been used in measuring food security effects of antimicrobial uses in food animal production. They are, however, answering different questions with different measuring conditions. The positive production impact of antimicrobial use is often associated to its functions as a growth promoter and in preventing and treating diseases. In this review the author question the technical legitimacy for antimicrobials as a growth promoter and argue that antimicrobials should be treated as a special class of conditional and supportive input in farm production instead of using it as a normal input in its impact evaluation. Research limitations/implications An approach of combining damage control function and disease epidemiological model instead of a simplified production function should be used in its impact evaluation including in evaluating those used as antimicrobial growth promoters. Practical implications In reducing antimicrobial uses in animal production, apart from more active adoption of the alternatives, we call for a better understanding for the decision makings of antimicrobial use in the production process including government-veterinarian-farm links. Originality/value This study examines the main issues in current economic research in antimicrobial food animal production, clarifies ambiguities in antimicrobial production functions and in different approaches used in impact evaluation, provides a roadmap for reduction of antimicrobial uses and a new approach for the policy evaluation.

scholarly journals Molecular Polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics Under Strong Light–Matter Coupling

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao E. Li ◽  
Bingyu Cui ◽  
Joseph E. Subotnik ◽  
Abraham Nitzan
Keyword(s):  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Chemical Dynamics ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Matter Coupling ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Collective Response ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Chemical manifestations of strong light–matter coupling have recently been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical studies. Here we review the present status of this field. Section 1 is an introduction to molecular polaritonics and to collective response aspects of light–matter interactions. Section 2 provides an overview of the key experimental observations of these effects, while Section 3 describes our current theoretical understanding of the effect of strong light–matter coupling on chemical dynamics. A brief outline of applications to energy conversion processes is given in Section 4. Pending technical issues in the construction of theoretical approaches are briefly described in Section 5. Finally, the summary in Section 6 outlines the paths ahead in this exciting endeavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals How to Prevent and Cope with Coincidence of Risks to the Global Food System

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenggen Fan ◽  
Emily EunYoung Cho ◽  
Ting Meng ◽  
Christopher Rue
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Global Food System ◽  
Global Food

The global food system faces major risks and threats that can cause massive economic loss; dislocation of food supply chains; and welfare loss of producers, consumers, and other food system actors. The interrelated nature of the system has highlighted the complexity of risks. Climate change, extreme weather events, and degradation and depletion of natural resources, including water, arable, forestry, and pastural lands, loss of biodiversity, emerging diseases, trade chokepoints and disruptions, macroeconomic shocks, and conflicts, can each seriously disrupt the system. Coincidence of these risks can compound the effects on global food security and nutrition. Smallholder farmers, rural migrants, women, youth, children, low-income populations, and other disadvantaged groups are particularly vulnerable. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exemplifies a perfect storm of coincidental risks. This article reviews major risks that most significantly impact food systems and highlights the importance of prospects for coincidence of risks. We present pathways to de-risk food systems and a way forward to ensure healthy, sustainable, inclusive, and resilient food systems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 46 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY AMID THE GLOBAL CRISIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 134-141
Author(s):  
P. M. TARANOV ◽  
◽  
A. S. PANASYUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Food Problem ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Food Security Indicators ◽  
Security Indicators ◽  
Global Food

The authors assess the prospects for solving the global food problem based on an analysis of the dynamics of food security indicators at the global and regional levels. The global food problem at work refers to the growing population of a planet affected by hunger and other forms of malnutrition. The food security situation has worsened for five years - in 2015–2019, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the food supply problem. The prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity has affected more than 25% of the world's population. In lowincome countries, malnutrition affects more than 58% of the population. Food security is threatened by the consequences of the spread of coronavirus infection in the short term. In the medium and long term, climate change and the crisis in the governance of the world economy are the greatest threats. Modern international economic institutions are unable to withstand the prospect of declining global food security.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Biodiversity–Production Mutualism in the Global Food Security Debate

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Ralf Seppelt ◽  
Channing Arndt ◽  
Michael Beckmann ◽  
Emily A. Martin ◽  
Thomas W. Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Global Food
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