Microbiological quality analysis of inoculants based on Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense produced “on farm” reveals high contamination with non-target microorganisms

The use of inoculants carrying diazotrophic and other plant growth–promoting bacteria plays an essential role in the Brazilian agriculture, with a growing use of microorganism-based bioproducts. However, in the last few years, some farmers have multiplied microorganisms in the farm, known as “on farm” production, including inoculants of Bradyrhizobium spp. for soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill.) and Azospirillum brasilense for corn (Zea mays L.) or co-inoculation in soybean. The objective was to assess the microbiological quality of such inoculants concerning the target microorganisms and contaminants. In the laboratory, 18 samples taken in five states were serial diluted and spread on culture media for obtaining pure and morphologically distinct colonies of bacteria, totaling 85 isolates. Molecular analysis based on partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed 25 genera of which 44% harbor species potentially pathogenic to humans; only one of the isolates was identified as Azospirillum brasilense, whereas no isolate was identified as Bradyrhizobium. Among 34 isolates belonging to genera harboring species potentially pathogenic to humans, 12 had no resistance to antibiotics, six presented intrinsic resistance, and 18 presented non-intrinsic resistance to at least one antibiotic. One of the samples analyzed with a shotgun-based metagenomics approach to check for the microbial diversity showed several genera of microorganisms, mainly Acetobacter (~ 32% of sequences) but not the target microorganism. The samples of inoculants produced on farm were highly contaminated with non-target microorganisms, some of them carrying multiple resistances to antibiotics.

Towards Sustainable Dairy Production in Argentina: Evaluating Nutrient and CO2 Release from Raw and Processed Farm Waste

Mineralization studies are the first step in determining the usefulness of an amendment such as fertilizer, and are essential to creating guidelines for dairy waste management to help producers make informed decisions. Our goal was to assess the effects of dairy raw, composted, and digested manure amendments on C, N, and P mineralization to evaluate the feasibility of their in-farm production and use as organic fertilizers. The liquid and solid fractions of dairy effluent (LDE, SDE), dairy effluent digestate (DED), onion–cattle manure digestate and compost (OCMD, OCMC) were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Soil microcosms with LDE, SDE, DED, OCMD and OCMC and the C, N and P mineralization were determined periodically. Elemental and structural differences among amendments led to contrasting profiles of C, N, and P mineralization, and thus to differences in nutrient availability, immobilization, and CO2 emission. All processed materials were more stable than untreated waste, reducing C emissions. Digestates showed net C immobilization, and supplied the highest levels of available N, creating a relative P deficit. Instead, the compost supplied N and P via mineralization, producing a relative P excess. Future studies should aim at evaluating fertilization strategies that combine both kinds of amendments, to exploit their complimentary agronomic characteristics.

SOSIALISASI DAN APLIKASI PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK DI DESA BENTANG KECAMATAN GALESONG SELATAN KABUPATEN TAKALAR

ABSTRAKDesa Bentang Kecamatan Galesong Selatan Kabupaten Takalar merupakan desa yang sebagian besar penduduknya pada sektor pertanian maupun usaha ternak. Namun pada pelaksanaan dilapangan, desa ini belum memanfaatkan hasil alam, dalam hal ini limbah-limbah kotoran ternak maupun pertanian sebagai bahan dasar pupuk organik yang dipergunakan dalam berusahatani. Sehingga pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan agar masyarakat Desa Bentang mendapatkan informasi dan pengaplikasian pembuatan pupuk organik padat yang bersumber dari limbah pertanian dan kotoran ternak. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan masyarakat ini dilakukan dengan beberapa langkah, yaitu: perencanaan, tindakan, observasi dan evaluasi akhir. Hasil kegiatan ini memberikan informasi dan pengaplikasian pembuatan pupuk organik yang bersumber dari limbah pertanian dan kotoran ternak yang nantinya dapat memberikan dampak peningkatan produksi usahataninya. Kata Kunci: sosialisasi;, aplikasi pupuk organik ABSTRACTBentang Village, South Galesong District, Takalar Regency is a village where most of the populations are in the agricultural sector and livestock business. However, in the implementation of agriculture, that village had not utilized natural products, in this case livestock manure and agricultural wastes as the basic ingredients of organic fertilizer were used in its own agriculture. Thus, this community service aimed to make the people of Bentang Village able to make solid organic fertilizer from compost waste made from livestock manure and agricultural waste to improve agriculture. The method of implementing the had been community activity is carried out in several steps, namely: planning, action, observation and final evaluation. The results of those activities provide information and the application of making organic fertilizers sourced from agricultural waste and livestock manure, which could later have an impact on increasing farm production. Keywords: socialization; application of organic fertilizer

Assessment of Tilapia–Freshwater Prawn Co-Culture Schemes in Tanks and Lake-Based Cages for Increased Farm Production

The technical viability of tilapia (I-ExCEL strain Nile or red) and giant freshwater prawn (GFP) co-culture in cages-within-tanks was evaluated while appropriate feeding protocols for tilapia-GFP co-culture in cages in a eutrophic lake were determined. Specifically, production parameters in all test species grown for five months in tank co-culture (where only tilapias were fed) were compared, while the best feeding protocol from among the following treatments: (a) Tfed—fed tilapias; (b) GFPfed—fed prawns and (c) T-GFPfed—both species fed, were defined. I-ExCEL Nile tilapias grew faster in tank co-culture whether reared singly or otherwise. However, red tilapia-GFP tank co-culture gave the best results considering key production traits in all test species (red tilapia —2.52%/day specific growth rate or SGR, 83.3% survival; GFP—1.17%/day SGR, 72.85% survival). Lake-based co-culture was technically feasible at stocking densities of 12.5/m2 for tilapia and 2.4 to 4/m2 for prawns even when only tilapias were fed; prawns grew to desired marketable sizes by thriving mainly on detritus and natural food organisms in the lake. However, further refinements can still be made to optimise the co-culture schemes to make them more sustainable and provide artisanal fish farmers options in increasing farm yields through multi-species aquaculture.

Genomic Epidemiology and Heterogeneity of SRLV in Italy from 1998 to 2019

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are viruses that retro-transcribe RNA to DNA and show high rates of genetic variability. SRLV affect animals with strains specific for each host species (sheep or goats), resulting in a series of clinical manifestations depending on the virulence of the strain, the host’s genetic background and farm production system. The aim of this work was to present an up-to-date overview of the genomic epidemiology and genetic diversity of SRLV in Italy over time (1998–2019). In this study, we investigated 219 SRLV samples collected from 17 different Italian regions in 178 geographically distinct herds by CEREL. Our genetic study was based on partial sequencing of the gag-pol gene (800 bp) and phylogenetic analysis. We identified new subtypes with high heterogeneity, new clusters and recombinant forms. The genetic diversity of Italian SRLV strains may have diagnostic and immunological implications that affect the performance of diagnostic tools. Therefore, it is extremely important to increase the control of genomic variants to improve the control measures.

Rice Contract Farming in Vietnam: Insights from a Qualitative Study

Since 2002, Vietnam has implemented rice contract-farming policies to develop the linkage among stakeholders in the agricultural sector; however, there is very low participation of farmers. Therefore, this study aims to determine the perception on both advantages and disadvantages of rice contract farming (RCF); identify the reasons for non-participation and drop-out of rice contract farming; and indicate the typology of contract by using data from documentation, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The results indicate that farmers considered the guaranteed output price and stable income as the most advantages of RCF while the main disadvantages were reducing the household’s freedom or losing flexibility in making decisions on-farm production, management, and selling product; possible delays in payments, in input delivery, in harvesting, and output delivery. In addition, farmers did not want to participate in RCF because of reducing the household’s freedom in making decisions, not complying with RCF, not trusting cooperatives as well as enterprises, and because selling paddy to middlemen is easier and simpler. Farmers dropped out of RCF because the contracting companies breached the contract provisions. Farmers mentioned many provisions of the contract but the most important to them were payment, price options, and delivery arrangement.

Conservation agriculture's effect on smallholder farmer wellbeing in Mozambique

Conservation agriculture (CA) is an important technology in many developing countries for increasing smallholder agricultural productivity and conserving arable soils. This study focuses on the effect of CA on smallholder household wellbeing including productive assets, livestock and housing material quality. The study uses a survey of CA adopters and non-adopters in the Tete and Barue districts of Mozambique. Propensity score matching was used to develop two counterfactual groups; (1) non-adopters in the communities that had received technical assistance on implementing CA, and (2) non-adopting households in communities that had not received CA instruction. Results suggest that CA adopters realized higher levels of farm production assets and better quality housing materials. CA adoption had no association with livestock ownership. The findings are encouraging with respect to demonstrating the relationship between CA adoption and improvements in smallholder household wellbeing.