scholarly journals Molecular Polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics Under Strong Light–Matter Coupling

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao E. Li ◽  
Bingyu Cui ◽  
Joseph E. Subotnik ◽  
Abraham Nitzan
Keyword(s):  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Chemical Dynamics ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Matter Coupling ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Collective Response ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Chemical manifestations of strong light–matter coupling have recently been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical studies. Here we review the present status of this field. Section 1 is an introduction to molecular polaritonics and to collective response aspects of light–matter interactions. Section 2 provides an overview of the key experimental observations of these effects, while Section 3 describes our current theoretical understanding of the effect of strong light–matter coupling on chemical dynamics. A brief outline of applications to energy conversion processes is given in Section 4. Pending technical issues in the construction of theoretical approaches are briefly described in Section 5. Finally, the summary in Section 6 outlines the paths ahead in this exciting endeavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Control of Chemical Reaction Pathways by Light–Matter Coupling

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinumol Devasia ◽  
Ankita Das ◽  
Varun Mohan ◽  
Prashant K. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Metal Nanostructures ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Radical Intermediates ◽  
Catalytically Active ◽  
Light Excitation

Because plasmonic metal nanostructures combine strong light absorption with catalytically active surfaces, they have become platforms for the light-assisted catalysis of chemical reactions. The enhancement of reaction rates by plasmonic excitation has been extensively discussed. This review focuses on a less discussed aspect: the induction of new reaction pathways by light excitation. Through commentary on seminal reports, we describe the principles behind the optical modulation of chemical reactivity and selectivity on plasmonic metal nanostructures. Central to these phenomena are excited charge carriers generated by plasmonic excitation, which modify the energy landscape available to surface reactive species and unlock pathways not conventionally available in thermal catalysis. Photogenerated carriers can trigger bond dissociation or desorption in an adsorbate-selective manner, drive charge transfer and multielectron redox reactions, and generate radical intermediates. Through one or more of these mechanisms, a specific pathway becomes favored under light. By improved control over these mechanisms, light-assisted catalysis can be transformational for chemical synthesis and energy conversion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 72 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Modeling Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Sang Park ◽  
Aron Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Halide Perovskite

Solar cells are semiconductor devices that generate electricity through charge generation upon illumination. For optimal device efficiency, the photogenerated carriers must reach the electrical contact layers before they recombine. A deep understanding of the recombination process and transport behavior is essential to design better devices. Halide perovskite solar cells are commonly made of a polycrystalline absorber layer, but there is no consensus on the nature and role of grain boundaries. This review concerns theoretical approaches for the investigation of extended defects. We introduce recent computational studies on grain boundaries, and their influence on point-defect distributions, in halide perovskite solar cells. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 12 is March 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Theory and Technology in Organizational Psychology: A Review of Technology Integration Paradigms and Their Effects on the Validity of Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Landers ◽  
Sebastian Marin
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Organizational Psychology ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Philosophical Orientation ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Groups And Teams

Despite the centrality of technology to understanding how humans in organizations think, feel, and behave, researchers in organizational psychology and organizational behavior even now often avoid theorizing about it. In our review, we identify four major paradigmatic approaches in theoretical approaches to technology, which typically occur in sequence: technology-as-context, technology-as-causal, technology-as-instrumental, and technology-as-designed. Each paradigm describes a typically implicit philosophical orientation toward technology as demonstrated through choices about theory development and research design. Of these approaches, one is unnecessarily limited and two are harmful oversimplifications that we contend have systematically weakened the quality of theory across our discipline. As such, we argue that to avoid creating impractical and even inaccurate theory, researchers must explicitly model technology design. To facilitate this shift, we define technology, present our paradigmatic framework, explain the framework's importance, and provide recommendations across five key domains: personnel selection, training and development, performance management and motivation, groups and teams, and leadership. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 8 is January 21, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Human Mobility and Crime: Theoretical Approaches and Novel Data Collection Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Browning ◽  
Nicolo P. Pinchak ◽  
Catherine A. Calder
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Crime Risk ◽  
Spatial Trajectories ◽  
Collection Strategies

This review outlines approaches to explanations of crime that incorporate the concept of human mobility—or the patterns of movement throughout space of individuals or populations in the context of everyday routines—with a focus on novel strategies for the collection of geographically referenced data on mobility patterns. We identify three approaches to understanding mobility–crime linkages: Place and neighborhood approaches characterize local spatial units of analysis of varying size with respect to the intersection in space and time of potential offenders, victims, and guardians. Person-centered approaches emphasize the spatial trajectories of individuals and person–place interactions that influence crime risk. Ecological network approaches consider links between persons or collectivities based on shared activity locations, capturing influences of broader systems of interconnection on spatial- and individual-level variation in crime. We review data collection strategies for the measurement of mobility across these approaches, considering both the challenges and promise of mobility-based research for criminology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 4 is January 13, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Mixing and CP Violation in the Charm System

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lenz ◽  
Guy Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cp Violation ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Charm Physics ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

In recent years charm physics has undergone a renaissance, which has been catalyzed by an unexpected and impressive set of experimental results from the B factories, the Tevatron, and LHCb. The existence of [Formula: see text] oscillations is now well established, and the recent discovery of CP violation in D0 decays has further renewed interest in the charm sector. In this article, we review the current status of charm-mixing and CP-violation measurements and assess their agreement with theoretical predictions within the Standard Model and beyond. We look forward to the great improvements in experimental precision that can be expected over the coming two decades and to the prospects for corresponding advances in theoretical understanding. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Cognitive, Systems, and Computational Neurosciences of the Self in Motion

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Noel ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Systems Neuroscience ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Position Estimate ◽  
Acceleration Signals ◽  
Vestibular Pathways

Navigating by path integration requires continuously estimating one's self-motion. This estimate may be derived from visual velocity and/or vestibular acceleration signals. Importantly, these senses in isolation are ill-equipped to provide accurate estimates, and thus visuo-vestibular integration is an imperative. After a summary of the visual and vestibular pathways involved, the crux of this review focuses on the human and theoretical approaches that have outlined a normative account of cue combination in behavior and neurons, as well as on the systems neuroscience efforts that are searching for its neural implementation. We then highlight a contemporary frontier in our state of knowledge: understanding how velocity cues with time-varying reliabilities are integrated into an evolving position estimate over prolonged time periods. Further, we discuss how the brain builds internal models inferring when cues ought to be integrated versus segregated—a process of causal inference. Lastly, we suggest that the study of spatial navigation has not yet addressed its initial condition: self-location. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict: Moving Beyond the Macro- and Micro-Level Divide

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laia Balcells ◽  
Jessica A. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Event Data ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Violence Against Civilians ◽  
Different Levels

Early research on wartime violence against civilians highlighted a distinction between macro- and micro-level approaches. Macro-level approaches, grounded in the international relations subfield, focus on variation across countries or conflicts, while micro-level approaches, more influenced by the comparative politics subfield, focus on variation within countries or conflicts. However, some of the recent research on civilian targeting does not fit neatly into this dichotomy—such as research comparing subnational units or armed groups across conflicts or research relying on geo-referenced event data for multiple conflicts. We review the literature and advocate moving beyond the language of the micro- and macro-level divide, instead focusing on the determinants of violence against civilians at five different levels of analysis: international, domestic, subnational, organizational, and individual. While acknowledging significant advances in the field, we argue for continued research aimed at developing a more integrated theoretical understanding of the multiple actors and interactive social processes driving violence against civilians. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 24 is May 11, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Overqualification at Work: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berrin Erdogan ◽  
Talya N. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Counterproductive Work Behaviors ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Work Done

Both perceived and objective measures of employee overqualification can impact job attitudes, various workplace behaviors, and work relationships. Utilizing motivation and capability-based theoretical approaches, this review summarizes research regarding the antecedents (demographic influences, personality traits, relational influences, job characteristics) and outcomes (individual health and well-being, turnover intentions and turnover, job performance, organizational citizenship behaviors, interpersonal relationships, innovative behaviors, counterproductive work behaviors, and career success) of overqualification. In addition, we review work done to date regarding the moderators and mediators of these relationships. Finally, we offer future directions for research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Pscyhology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 8 is January 21, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Strong light-matter coupling in quantum chemistry and quantum photonics

Nanophotonics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Flick ◽  
Nicholas Rivera ◽  
Prineha Narang
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chemistry ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Matter Coupling ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Quantum Photonics

AbstractIn this article, we review strong light-matter coupling at the interface of materials science, quantum chemistry, and quantum photonics. The control of light and heat at thermodynamic limits enables exciting new opportunities for the rapidly converging fields of polaritonic chemistry and quantum optics at the atomic scale from a theoretical and computational perspective. Our review follows remarkable experimental demonstrations that now routinely achieve the strong coupling limit of light and matter. In polaritonic chemistry, many molecules couple collectively to a single-photon mode, whereas, in the field of nanoplasmonics, strong coupling can be achieved at the single-molecule limit. Theoretical approaches to address these experiments, however, are more recent and come from a spectrum of fields merging new developments in quantum chemistry and quantum electrodynamics alike. We review these latest developments and highlight the common features between these two different limits, maintaining a focus on the theoretical tools used to analyze these two classes of systems. Finally, we present a new perspective on the need for and steps toward merging, formally and computationally, two of the most prominent and Nobel Prize-winning theories in physics and chemistry: quantum electrodynamics and electronic structure (density functional) theory. We present a case for how a fully quantum description of light and matter that treats electrons, photons, and phonons on the same quantized footing will unravel new quantum effects in cavity-controlled chemical dynamics, optomechanics, nanophotonics, and the many other fields that use electrons, photons, and phonons.

scholarly journals Genetic Engineering of Livestock: The Opportunity Cost of Regulatory Delay

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison L. Van Eenennaam ◽  
Felipe De Figueiredo Silva ◽  
Josephine F. Trott ◽  
David Zilberman
Keyword(s):  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Global Food

Genetically engineered (GE) livestock were first reported in 1985, and yet only a single GE food animal, the fast-growing AquAdvantage salmon, has been commercialized. There are myriad interconnected reasons for the slow progress in this once-promising field, including technical issues, the structure of livestock industries, lack of public research funding and investment, regulatory obstacles, and concern about public opinion. This review focuses on GE livestock that have been produced and documents the difficulties that researchers and developers have encountered en route. Additionally, the costs associated with delayed commercialization of GE livestock were modeled using three case studies: GE mastitis-resistant dairy cattle, genome-edited porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus–resistant pigs, and the AquAdvantage salmon. Delays of 5 or 10 years in the commercialization of GE livestock beyond the normative 10-year GE product evaluation period were associated with billions of dollars in opportunity costs and reduced global food security. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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