Physiological changes in blood glucose do not affect gastric compliance and perception in normal subjects

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. G761-G766 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. M. T. Verhagen ◽  
C. K. Rayner ◽  
J. M. Andrews ◽  
G. S. Hebbard ◽  
S. M. Doran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Gastric Distension ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Physiological Range ◽  
Visual Analog Scales

Marked hyperglycemia (blood glucose ∼14 mmol/l) slows gastric emptying and affects the perception of sensations arising from the gut. Elevation of blood glucose within the physiological range also slows gastric emptying. This study aimed to determine whether physiological changes in blood glucose affect proximal gastric compliance and/or the perception of gastric distension in the fasting state. Paired studies were conducted in 10 fasting healthy volunteers. On a single day, isovolumetric and isobaric distensions of the proximal stomach were performed using an electronic barostat while the blood glucose concentration was maintained at 4 and 9 mmol/l in random order. Sensations were quantified using visual analog scales. The blood glucose concentration had no effect on the pressure-volume relationship during either isovolumetric or isobaric distensions or the perception of gastric distension. At both blood glucose concentrations, the perceptions of fullness, nausea, bloating, and abdominal discomfort, but not hunger or desire to eat, were related to intrabag volume ( P ≤ 0.002) and pressure ( P ≤ 0.01). We conclude that, in the fasted state, elevations of blood glucose within the physiological range do not affect proximal gastric compliance or the perception of gastric distension.

The effect of erythromycin on gastric emptying is modified by physiological changes in the blood glucose concentration

1999 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 2074-2079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Jones ◽  
Marie-France Kong ◽  
Melanie K. Berry ◽  
Chris K. Rayner ◽  
Ulf Adamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Physiological Changes

Physiological changes in blood glucose affect appetite and pyloric motility during intraduodenal lipid infusion

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (4) ◽  
pp. G797-G804 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Andrews ◽  
C. K. Rayner ◽  
S. Doran ◽  
G. S. Hebbard ◽  
M. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Lipid Infusion ◽  
Visual Analog Scales ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Pyloric Motility

We evaluated the effects of varying blood glucose concentration within the normal postprandial range and its interaction with small intestinal nutrients on antropyloric motility and appetite. Eight healthy males (19–40 yr) underwent paired studies, with a blood glucose level of 5 or 8 mmol/l. Manometry and visual analog scales were used to assess motility and appetite, during fasting and intraduodenal lipid infusion (1.5 kcal/min). In the fasting state, antral waves were suppressed at 8 mmol/l compared with 5 mmol/l ( P = 0.018). However, pyloric motility was no different between the two blood glucose concentrations. Hunger was no different at 5 mmol/l compared with 8 mmol/l, but fullness was greater at 8 mmol/l ( P = 0.01). During intraduodenal lipid infusion, antral waves were suppressed ( P < 0.035) and isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs) were stimulated ( P < 0.02) compared with during the fasting state, with no difference between blood glucose concentrations, although the temporal patterning of IPPWs varied between blood glucose concentrations. The amplitude of IPPWs was greater at 5 mmol/l compared with 8 mmol/l ( P < 0.001), and hunger decreased at 8 mmol/l compared with 5 mmol/l ( P = 0.02). We conclude that “physiological” hyperglycemia modifies gastric motor and sensory function and that synergy exists between blood glucose concentration and small intestinal nutrients in modulating gastric motility and appetite.

Effects of drink volume and glucose load on gastric emptying and postprandial blood pressure in healthy older subjects

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. G240-G248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Jones ◽  
Deirdre O’Donovan ◽  
Antonietta Russo ◽  
James H. Meyer ◽  
Julie E. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Gastric Distension ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Hypotensive Response

Postprandial hypotension (PPH) occurs frequently in the elderly; the magnitude of the fall in blood pressure (BP) is related to the rate of glucose entry into the duodenum during intraduodenal glucose infusion and spontaneous gastric emptying (GE). It is unclear if glucose concentration affects the hypotensive response. Gastric distension may attenuate PPH; therefore, meal volume could influence the BP response. We aimed to determine the effects of 1) drink volume, 2) glucose concentration, and 3) glucose content on the BP and heart rate (HR) responses to oral glucose. Ten subjects (73.9 ± 1.2 yr) had measurements of BP, GE, and blood glucose on 4 days after 1) 25 g glucose in 200 ml (12.5%), 2) 75 g glucose in 200 ml (37.5%), 3) 25 g glucose in 600 ml (4%), and 4) 75 g glucose in 600 ml (12.5%). GE, BP, HR, and blood glucose were measured for 180 min. After all drinks, duodenal glucose loads were similar in the first 60 min. Regardless of concentration, 600-ml (but not 200-ml) drinks initially increased BP, and in the first 30 min, systolic BP correlated ( P < 0.01) with volume in both the proximal and total stomach. At the same concentration (12.5%), systolic BP fell more ( P = 0.02) at the smaller volume; at the same volumes, there were no effects of concentration on BP. There was no difference in the glycemic response to drinks of identical glucose content. We conclude that 1) ingestion of glucose at a higher volume attenuates and 2) under constant duodenal load, glucose concentration (4–37%) does not affect the fall in BP.

Ketone infusion lowers hormonal responses to hypoglycaemia: Evidence for acute cerebral utilization of a non-glucose fuel

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Amiel ◽  
Helen R. Archibald ◽  
Gary Chusney ◽  
Alistair J. K. Williams ◽  
Edwin A. M. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Soluble Insulin ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Single Blind

1. The effect of hyperketonaemia on counter-regulatory hormone responses to hypoglycaemia has been examined in six healthy subjects. 2. A controlled, step-wise reduction in blood glucose concentration was achieved by adjusting the rate of glucose infusion during a primed-continuous infusion of soluble insulin (1.5 m-units min−1 kg−1 body weight, plasma insulin concentration approximately 90 m-units/l). Simultaneous infusion of either saline or β-hydroxybutyrate (3 mg min−1 kg−1 body weight) was administered in a single-blind fashion, in random order. Despite a need for 40% more glucose during the ketone infusion, an identical fall in blood glucose concentration was achieved in each study. 3. The glycaemic threshold for stimulating an adrenaline response of 0.41 nmol/l was reduced from 3.1 to 2.8 mmol/l (P < 0.05) during ketone infusion, and that for stimulating a response of more than 50% of basal from 3.6 to 3.1 mmol/l (P < 0.001). The peak adrenaline response fell from 7.97 to 2.6 nmol/l (P < 0.04). Peak noradrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone responses were also significantly lower during ketone infusion (P = 0.04, 0.001 and 0.006, respectively). Glucagon responses alone were unaffected by hyperketonaemia. 4. The provision of an alternate metabolic fuel thus produced immediate changes in the neurohumoral responses to hypoglycaemia. This is consistent with the hypothesis that human nervous tissue can metabolize ketones acutely.

scholarly journals Acute hyperglycaemia affects anorectal motor and sensory function in normal subjects

Gut ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Russo ◽  
W M Sun ◽  
Y Sattawatthamrong ◽  
R Fraser ◽  
M Horowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Rectal Distension ◽  
Sphincter Function ◽  
Anal Sphincter Function ◽  
Initial Perception ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Background—The pathogenesis of anorectal dysfunction, which occurs frequently in patients with diabetes mellitus, is poorly defined. Recent studies indicate that changes in the blood glucose concentration have a major reversible effect on gastrointestinal motor function.Aims—To determine the effects of physiological changes in blood glucose and hyperglycaemia on anorectal motor and sensory function in normal subjects.Subjects—In eight normal subjects measurements of anorectal motility and sensation were performed on separate days while blood glucose concentrations were stabilised at 4, 8, and 12 mmol/l.Methods—Anorectal motor and sensory function was measured using a sleeve/sidehole catheter incorporating a balloon, and electromyography.Results—The number of spontaneous anal relaxations was greater at 12 mmol/l than at 8 and 4 mmol/l glucose (p<0.05 for both). Anal squeeze pressures were less at a blood glucose of 12 mmol/l when compared with 8 and 4 mmol/l (p<0.05 for both). During rectal distension, residual anal pressures were not significantly different between the three blood glucose concentrations. Rectal compliance was greater (p<0.05) at a blood glucose of 12 mmol/l when compared with 4 mmol/l. The threshold volume for initial perception of rectal distension was less at 12 mmol/l when compared with 4 mmol/l (40 (20–100) ml versus 10 (10–150) ml, p<0.05).Conclusions—An acute elevation of blood glucose to 12 mmol/l inhibits internal and external anal sphincter function and increases rectal sensitivity in normal subjects. In contrast, physiological changes in blood glucose do not have a significant effect on anorectal motor and sensory function.

Gluconeogenesis in humans with induced hyperlactatemia during low-intensity exercise

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (6) ◽  
pp. E1162-E1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Roef ◽  
Kees de Meer ◽  
Satish C. Kalhan ◽  
Helma Straver ◽  
Ruud Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Lactate Infusion ◽  
Bicarbonate Infusion

We studied the role of lactate in gluconeogenesis (GNG) during exercise in untrained fasting humans. During the final hour of a 4-h cycle exercise at 33–34% maximal O2 uptake, seven subjects received, in random order, either a sodium lactate infusion (60 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) or an isomolar sodium bicarbonate infusion. The contribution of lactate to gluconeogenic glucose was quantified by measuring 2H incorporation into glucose after body water was labeled with deuterium oxide, and glucose rate of appearance (Ra) was measured by [6,6-2H2]glucose dilution. Infusion of lactate increased lactate concentration to 4.4 ± 0.6 mM (mean ± SE). Exercise induced a decrease in blood glucose concentration from 5.0 ± 0.2 to 4.2 ± 0.3 mM ( P < 0.05); lactate infusion abolished this decrease (5.0 ± 0.3 mM; P < 0.001) and increased glucose Ra compared with bicarbonate infusion ( P < 0.05). Lactate infusion increased both GNG from lactate (29 ± 4 to 46 ± 4% of glucose Ra, P < 0.001) and total GNG. We conclude that lactate infusion during low-intensity exercise in fasting humans 1) increased GNG from lactate and 2) increased glucose production, thus increasing the blood glucose concentration. These results indicate that GNG capacity is available in humans after an overnight fast and can be used to sustain blood glucose levels during low-intensity exercise when lactate, a known precursor of GNG, is available at elevated plasma levels.

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