scholarly journals Microvascular oxygen tension in the rat mesentery

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (1) ◽  
pp. H21-H28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander S. Golub ◽  
Matthew C. Barker ◽  
Roland N. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Phosphorescence Quenching ◽  
Rat Mesentery ◽  
Mesenteric Microcirculation

Longitudinal Po2 profiles in the microvasculature of the rat mesentery were studied using a novel phosphorescence quenching microscopy technique that minimizes the accumulated photoconsumption of oxygen by the method. Intravascular oxygen tension (Po2, in mmHg) and vessel diameter ( d, in μm) were measured in mesenteric microvessels ( n = 204) of seven anesthetized rats (275 g). The excitation parameters were as follows: 7 × 7-μm spot size; 410 nm laser; and 100 curves at 11 pulses/s, with pulse parameters of 2-μs duration and 80-pJ/μm2 energy density. The mean Po2 (± SE) was 65.0 ± 1.4 mmHg ( n = 78) for arterioles ( d = 18.8 ± 0.7 μm), 62.1 ± 2.0 mmHg ( n = 38) at the arteriolar end of capillaries ( d = 7.8 ± 0.3 μm), and 52.0 ± 1.0 mmHg ( n = 88) for venules ( d = 22.5 ± 1.0 μm). There was no apparent dependence of Po2 on d in arterioles and venules. There were also no significant deviations in Po2 based on d (bin width, 5 μm) from the general mean for both of these types of vessels. Results indicate that the primary site of oxygen delivery to tissue is located between the smallest arterioles and venules (change of 16.3 mmHg, P = 0.001). In conclusion, oxygen losses from mesenteric arterioles and venules are negligible, indicating low metabolic rates for both the vascular wall and the mesenteric tissue. Capillaries appear to be the primary site of oxygen delivery to the tissue in the mesenteric microcirculation. In light of the present results, previously reported data concerning oxygen consumption in the mesenteric microcirculation can be explained as artifacts of accumulated oxygen consumption due to the application of instrumentation having a large excitation area for Po2 measurements in slow moving and stationary media.

Erythrocyte-associated transients in capillary Po2: an isovolemic hemodilution study in the rat spinotrapezius muscle

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (5) ◽  
pp. H2540-H2549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Barker ◽  
Aleksander S. Golub ◽  
Roland N. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Capillary Number ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Isovolemic Hemodilution ◽  
Phosphorescence Quenching ◽  
Mathematical Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
532 Nm

Mathematical simulations of oxygen delivery to tissue from capillaries that take into account the particulate nature of blood flow predict the existence of oxygen tension (Po2) gradients between erythrocytes (RBCs). As RBCs and plasma alternately pass an observation point, these gradients are manifested as rapid fluctuations in Po2, also known as erythrocyte-associated transients (EATs). The impact of hemodilution on EATs and oxygen delivery at the capillary level of the microcirculation has yet to be elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, phosphorescence quenching microscopy was used to measure EATs and Po2 in capillaries of the rat spinotrapezius muscle at the following systemic hematocrits (Hctsys): normal (39%) and after moderate (HES1; 27%) or severe (HES2; 15%) isovolemic hemodilution using a 6% hetastarch solution. A 532-nm laser, generating 10-μs pulses concentrated onto a 0.9-μm spot, was used to obtain plasma Po2 values 100 times/s at points along surface capillaries of the muscle. Mean capillary Po2 (Pc[Formula: see text]; means ± SE) significantly decreased between conditions (normal: 56 ± 2 mmHg, n = 45; HES1: 47 ± 2 mmHg, n = 62; HES2: 27 ± 2 mmHg, n = 52, where n = capillary number). In addition, the magnitude of Po2 transients (ΔPo2) significantly decreased with hemodilution (normal: 19 ± 1 mmHg, n = 45; HES1: 11 ± 1 mmHg, n = 62; HES2: 6 ± 1 mmHg, n = 52). Results suggest that the decrease in Pc[Formula: see text] and ΔPo2 with hemodilution is primarily dependent on Hctsys and subsequent microvascular compensations.

Po2 profiles near arterioles and tissue oxygen consumption in rat mesentery

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (2) ◽  
pp. H1097-H1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander S. Golub ◽  
Matthew C. Barker ◽  
Roland N. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Phosphorescence Quenching ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Rat Mesentery ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Ambient Oxygen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tissue Oxygen Consumption

A scanning phosphorescence quenching microscopy technique, designed to prevent accumulated O2 consumption by the method, was applied to Po2 measurements in mesenteric tissue. In an attempt to further increase the accuracy of the measurements, albumin-bound probe was topically applied to the tissue and an objective-mounted pressurized bag was used to reduce the oxygen transport bypass through the thin layer of fluid over the mesentery. Po2 was measured at multiple sites perpendicular to the blood/wall interface in the vicinity of 84 mesenteric arterioles (7–39 μm in diameter) at distances of 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 μm in seven anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, thereby creating Po2 profiles. Interstitial Po2 above and immediately beside arterioles was found to agree with known intravascular values. No significant difference in Po2 profiles was found between small and large arterioles, indicating a small longitudinal Po2 gradient in the precapillary mesenteric microvasculature. In addition, the Po2 profiles were used to calculate oxygen consumption in the mesenteric tissue (56–65 nl O2·cm−3·s−1). Correction of these values for contamination with ambient oxygen yielded an oxygen consumption rate of 60–68 nl O2·cm−3·s−1, the maximal limit for consumption in the mesentery. The results were compared with measurements made by other workers in regard to the employed techniques.

scholarly journals Cerebral microvascular dilation during hypotension and decreased oxygen tension: a role for nNOS

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. H2193-H2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly D. Bauser-Heaton ◽  
H. Glenn Bohlen
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Selective Blockade ◽  
Vascular Regulation ◽  
Cerebral Arterioles ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) are implicated as important contributors to cerebral vascular regulation through nitric oxide (NO). However, direct in vivo measurements of NO in the brain have not been used to dissect their relative roles, particularly as related to oxygenation of brain tissue. We found that, in vivo, rat cerebral arterioles had increased NO concentration ([NO]) and diameter at reduced periarteriolar oxygen tension (Po2) when either bath oxygen tension or arterial pressure was decreased. Using these protocols with highly selective blockade of nNOS, we tested the hypothesis that brain tissue nNOS could donate NO to the arterioles at rest and during periods of reduced perivascular oxygen tension, such as during hypotension or reduced local availability of oxygen. The decline in periarteriolar Po2 by bath manipulation increased [NO] and vessel diameter comparable with responses at similarly decreased Po2 during hypotension. To determine whether the nNOS provided much of the vascular wall NO, nNOS was locally suppressed with the highly selective inhibitor N-(4S)-(4-amino-5-[aminoethyl]aminopentyl)- N′-nitroguanidine. After blockade, resting [NO], Po2, and diameters decreased, and the increase in [NO] during reduced Po2 or hypotension was completely absent. However, flow-mediated dilation during occlusion of a collateral arteriole did remain intact after nNOS blockade and the vessel wall [NO] increased to ∼80% of normal. Therefore, nNOS predominantly increased NO during decreased periarteriolar oxygen tension, such as that during hypotension, but eNOS was the dominant source of NO for flow shear mechanisms.

scholarly journals The rate of O2 loss from mesenteric arterioles is not unusually high

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (3) ◽  
pp. H737-H745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander S. Golub ◽  
Bjorn K. Song ◽  
Roland N. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Phosphorescence Quenching ◽  
Rat Mesentery ◽  
Exponential Decline ◽  
Arteriolar Wall

The O2 disappearance curve (ODC) recorded in an arteriole after the rapid arrest of blood flow reflects the complex interaction among the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin, O2 diffusivity, and rate of respiration in the vascular wall and surrounding tissue. In this study, the analysis of experimental ODCs allowed the estimation of parameters of O2 transport and O2 consumption in the microcirculation of the mesentery. We collected ODCs from rapidly arrested blood inside rat mesenteric arterioles using scanning phosphorescence quenching microscopy (PQM). The technique was used to prevent the artifact of accumulated O2 photoconsumption in stationary media. The observed ODC signatures were close to linear, in contrast to the reported exponential decline of intra-arteriolar Po2. The rate of Po2 decrease was 0.43 mmHg/s in 20-μm-diameter arterioles. The duration of the ODC was 290 s, much longer than the 12.8 s reported by other investigators. The arterioles associated with lymphatic microvessels had a higher O2 disappearance rate of 0.73 mmHg/s. The O2 flux from arterioles, calculated from the average O2 disappearance rate, was 0.21 nl O2·cm−2·s−1, two orders of magnitude lower than reported in the literature. The physical upper limit of the O2 consumption rate by the arteriolar wall, calculated from the condition that all O2 is consumed by the wall, was 452 nl O2·cm−3·s−1. From consideration of the microvascular tissue volume fraction in the rat mesentery of 6%, the estimated respiration rate of the vessel wall was ∼30 nl O2·cm−3·s−1. This result was three orders of magnitude lower than the respiration rate in rat mesenteric arterioles reported by other investigators. Our results demonstrate that O2 loss from mesenteric arterioles is small and that the O2 consumption by the arteriolar wall is not unusually large.

alpha-Adrenergic control of oxygen delivery to myocardium during exercise in conscious dogs

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (5) ◽  
pp. H805-H809 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Heyndrickx ◽  
P. Muylaert ◽  
J. L. Pannier
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Coronary Blood Flow ◽  
Coronary Sinus ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Adrenergic Control

alpha-Adrenergic control of the oxygen delivery to the myocardium during exercise was investigated in eight conscious dogs instrumented for chronic measurements of coronary blood flow, left ventricular (LV) pressure, aortic blood pressure, and heart rate and sampling of arterial and coronary sinus blood. After alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade a standard exercise load elicited a significantly greater increase in heart rate, rate of change of LV pressure (LV dP/dt), LV dP/dt/P, and coronary blood flow than was elicited in the unblocked state. In contrast to the response pattern during control exercise, there was no significant change in coronary sinus oxygen tension (PO2), myocardial arteriovenous oxygen difference, and myocardial oxygen delivery-to-oxygen consumption ratio. It is concluded that the normal relationship between myocardial oxygen supply and oxygen demand is modified during exercise after alpha-adrenergic blockade, whereby oxygen delivery is better matched to oxygen consumption. These results indicate that the increase in coronary blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium during normal exercise is limited by alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction.

Factors influencing the individual effects of blood transfusions on oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption*

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S173-S179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Casutt ◽  
Burkhardt Seifert ◽  
Thomas Pasch ◽  
Edith R. Schmid ◽  
Marko I. Turina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
The Individual

Local blood flow, oxygen tension, and oxygen consumption in the rat spinal cord

1983 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nariyuki Hayashi ◽  
Barth A. Green ◽  
Mayra Gonzalez-Carvajal ◽  
Joseph Mora ◽  
Richard P. Veraa
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Tissue Oxygen ◽  
Local Blood Flow ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Blood Flow ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tissue Oxygen Consumption

✓ Using a reliable and reproducible microelectrode technique, consistent simultaneous measurements of local spinal cord blood flow (SCBF), tissue oxygen tension, and tissue oxygen consumption were made at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels in the rat spinal cord. These observations showed that the metabolic state is maintained constant along the cord, despite significant variations in vasculature. The physiological and anatomical aspects of these findings are discussed.

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