Placental transfer of insulin-binding antibodies in the guinea pig

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (5) ◽  
pp. 845-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Meade
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Insulin Antibodies ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Fetal Circulation ◽  
Transplacental Transfer

Insulin-binding antibodies were demonstrated in the serum of fetuses and newborn of insulin-treated guinea pigs. The antibody concentrations in fetal and maternal sera were comparable. Following delivery, the antibody decreased more rapidly in the newborn than in the mother. Antibodies injected into the maternal circulation were demonstrable in increasing concentration in the fetal circulation from 12 to 120 hr after maternal injection. These studies favor a mechanism of passive transplacental transfer of anti-insulin antibodies.

PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF INSULIN-131I IN GUINEA PIGS IMMUNIZED AGAINST INSULIN

1966 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan I. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Insulin Antibodies ◽  
Insulin Antibody

ABSTRACT The placenta is considered to be impermeable or only slightly permeable to insulin. Insulin antibodies are transferred from mother to foetus in man and in guinea pigs. The passage of insulin-131I from mother to foetus was studied in guinea pigs with and without antibodies against insulin. Antibody-bound insulin-131I was recovered in plasma from foetuses of immunized pregnant guinea pigs, at intervals of more than 5 hours after the injection of insulin-131I to the mother. The foetal levels of insulin-131I were rather low, the highest recorded value being 27% of the maternal plasma concentration. This peak was reached 32 hours after the injection. No insulin-131I was found in the foetuses of non-immunized guinea pigs.

scholarly journals GENETIC CONTROL OF COMBINING SITES OF INSULIN ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY GUINEA PIGS

1965 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Arquilla ◽  
Jack Finn
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Gene Locus ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Insulin Antibodies ◽  
Multiple Alleles

1. Genetic factors control the configuration of combining sites of guinea pig insulin antibodies. 2. It is possible that the configuration of the combining sites of guinea pig insulin antibodies is controlled by more than one gene and not by multiple alleles at a given gene locus.

INSULIN ANTIBODIES IN PREGNANT GUINEA PIGS AND IN THEIR OFFSPRING

1966 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan I. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Insulin Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Insulin antibodies were studied in the maternal and foetal plasma of pregnant guinea pig immunized against insulin. By paper-electrophoresis an insulin binding globulin was found in mother and offspring. Radioimmunoelectrophoretic analysis showed insulin binding antibodies of three types in maternal plasma, i. e. in γ1–γ2- and γM-globulins. Foetal plasma only showed antibody activities in γ1- and γ2-globulins. The insulin binding capacity was practically identical in maternal and foetal plasma. Foetuses of passively immunized mothers also showed antibody activity in plasma. The antibody titres of amniotic fluid averaged 1/100 of the plasma titres. The disappearance of the insulin antibodies after birth was followed in six offspring. The mean of their half-lifes was 8 days.

Placental transfer of I131-insulin in the rhesus monkey

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Josimovich ◽  
E. Knobil
Keyword(s):  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Fetal Circulation ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Plasma

Pregnant rhesus monkeys were anesthetized, their uteri were exposed, and the interplacental vessels (fetal circulation) were cannulated without incision of the amnion. This procedure permitted simultaneous sampling of maternal blood, umbilical venous blood and umbilical arterial blood. I131-labeled insulin injected into the material circulation was detected in umbilical venous plasma, within 5 minutes after the injection, by the use of a chromatographic procedure which permits the separation of I131-insulin from other iodinated compounds. The concentration of I131-insulin in fetal plasma did not exceed 20% of that found concurrently in maternal plasma. A marked umbilical arterial-venous difference in I131-insulin concentration was consistently observed. The concentration of iodinated degradation products of I131-insulin was considerably higher in umbilical arterial plasma than in umbilical venous plasma, suggesting rapid degradation of the labeled hormone by the fetus. Conversely, the injection of I131-insulin into the fetal circulation was followed by the appearance of significant quantities of the labeled hormone in the maternal circulation. These experiments lead to the conclusion that insulin can cross the primate placenta.

PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF 131I-LABELLED IODIDE IN THE GUINEA-PIG

1964 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. LONDON ◽  
W. L. MONEY ◽  
R. W. RAWSON
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Sodium Thiocyanate ◽  
Perfusion Technique ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Guinea Pig Placenta ◽  
Small Discharge ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Pig Placenta

SUMMARY The transfer of radioactive iodide (131I) across the guinea-pig placenta has been investigated, using an in situ perfusion technique. From these studies, it can be concluded that iodide is actively transported from the maternal side to the foetal side of the placenta, and is concentrated on the foetal side. Radio-iodide accumulates on the foetal side because the foetal placenta concentrates iodide from the maternal circulation and transfers little to the maternal circulation. High concentrations of stable iodide perfused on the foetal side did not affect the transfer of radio-iodide from the maternal circulation to the foetal side of the placenta. Sodium thiocyanate, on the other hand, blocked the concentration of iodide on the foetal side, and caused a small discharge of radio-iodide from the placenta.

Transplacental Transfer of Monomethyl Phthalate and Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in a Human Placenta Perfusion System

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Mose ◽  
Lisbeth E. Knudsen ◽  
Morten Hedegaard ◽  
Gerda K. Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Elective Cesarean Section ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Placental Perfusion ◽  
Transplacental Transfer ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

The transplacental passage of monomethylphtalate (mMP) and mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (mEHP) was studied using an ex vivo placental perfusion model with simultaneous perfusion of fetal and maternal circulation in a single cotyledon. Umbilical cord blood and placental tissue collected both before and after perfusion were also analyzed. Placentas were obtained immediately after elective cesarean section and dually perfused in a recirculation system. mMP or mEHP was added to maternal perfusion medium to obtain concentrations at 10 and 25 μg/L, respectively. The placental transfer was followed analyzing samples from fetal and maternal perfusion media by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Four perfusions with mMP indicated a slow transplacental transfer, with a fetomaternal ratio (FM ratio) of 0.30 ± 0.03 after 150 min of perfusion. Four perfusions with mEHP indicated a very slow or nonexisting placental transfer. mEHP was only detected in fetal perfusion media from two perfusions, giving rise to FM ratios of 0.088 and 0.20 after 150 min of perfusion. Detectable levels of mMP, mEHP, monoethylphthalate (mEP), and monobutylphthalate were found in tissue. Higher tissue levels of mMP after perfusions with mMP compared to perfusions with mEHP suggest an accumulation of mMP during perfusion. No tendency for accumulation of mEHP was observed during perfusions with mEHP compared to perfusions with mMP. Detectable levels of mEHP and mEP were found in umbilical cord plasma samples. mMP and possibly other short-chained phthalate monoesters in maternal blood can cross the placenta by slow transfer, whereas the results indicate no placental transfer of mEHP. Further studies are recommended.

scholarly journals Reduction of biliverdin and placental transfer of bilirubin and biliverdin in the pregnant guinea pig

1981 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
A F McDonagh ◽  
L A Palma ◽  
R Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Biliverdin Reductase ◽  
Maternal Liver ◽  
Placental Transport ◽  
Guinea Pig Placenta ◽  
Pig Placenta ◽  
Efficient Elimination

Biliverdin was reduced to bilirubin in pregnant and foetal guinea pigs, and the 100000 g supernatant from homogenates of foetal liver, placenta and maternal liver showed high biliverdin reductase activity. The placental transport of unconjugated bilirubin and biliverdin was compared by injecting unlabelled and radiolabelled pigments into the foetal or maternal circulation and analysing blood collected from the opposite side of the placenta. Injected bilirubin crossed the placenta from foetus to mother and vice versa, but injected biliverdin did not appear to cross without prior reduction to bilirubin. The guinea-pig placenta is apparently more permeable to bilirubin than biliverdin. Reduction of biliverdin to bilirubin in the foetus may, therefore, be essential for efficient elimination of haem catabolites from the foetus in placental mammals.

scholarly journals INSULIN ANTIBODY VARIATIONS IN RABBITS AND GUINEA PIGS AND MULTIPLE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS ON INSULIN

1963 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Arquilla ◽  
Jack Finn
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Insulin Antibodies ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Antibody Molecule ◽  
Insulin Molecule ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

1. A method is presented for measuring the degree to which insulin antibodies in one antiserum react with an insoluble insulin complex saturated with antibodies from a different antiserum. 2. Many rabbits produce antibodies which bind to portions of the insulin molecule to which antibodies from guinea pigs or other rabbits cannot bind. 3. Occasional guinea pigs produce antibodies which bind to portions of the insulin molecule to which antibodies from rabbits or other guinea pigs cannot bind. 4. Studies with labeled antisera and repeated incubations of test antisera with antibody insulin complexes demonstrate the individual antibody variations to be due to antibodies directed to different determinants and not to dissociation of antibodies from the same determinant on the insulin molecule. 5. More than one antibody molecule can simultaneously bind to an insulin molecule. 6. Insulin has a multiplicity of antigenic determinants. 7. The relationship between antigenic determinants, insulin antibodies, and neutralization of insulin by antisera is discussed. 8. The determinants to which insulin antibodies are directed appear to be characteristic for the individual rabbit or guinea pig immunized. It is postulated therefore that genetic factors direct antibody production toward specific determinants when insulin is the antigen.

Placental transfer of nitrofurantoin and furaltadone

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Buzard ◽  
John D. Conklin
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fetal Circulation

The placental transfer of nitrofurantoin and furaltadone was determined in the guinea pig, rabbit, dog, and sheep. Both compounds entered the fetal circulation of the dog to a greater extent than in the other species, and furaltadone consistently crossed the placenta more readily than nitrofurantoin in all species. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the transplacental movement of drugs is determined by both the physical characteristics of the drug and the morphohistologic structure of the placenta.

Glycogen in guinea pig neutrophils: Ultrastructural study of neutrophils at the intradermal site of BCG injection

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 726-727
Author(s):  
Corazon D. Bucana
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies

In the circulating blood of man and guinea pigs, glycogen occurs primarily in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and platelets. The amount of glycogen in neutrophils increases with time after the cells leave the bone marrow, and the distribution of glycogen in neutrophils changes from an apparently random distribution to large clumps when these cells move out of the circulation to the site of inflammation in the peritoneal cavity. The objective of this study was to further investigate changes in glycogen content and distribution in neutrophils. I chose an intradermal site because it allows study of neutrophils at various stages of extravasation.Initially, osmium ferrocyanide and osmium ferricyanide were used to fix glycogen in the neutrophils for ultrastructural studies. My findings confirmed previous reports that showed that glycogen is well preserved by both these fixatives and that osmium ferricyanide protects glycogen from solubilization by uranyl acetate.I found that osmium ferrocyanide similarly protected glycogen. My studies showed, however, that the electron density of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles was lower in samples fixed with osmium ferrocyanide than in samples fixed with osmium ferricyanide.

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