Transport of H plus and other electrolytes across isolated gastric mucosa of the rabbit

1975 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Fromm ◽  
JH Schwartz ◽  
R Quijano
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Serosal Side ◽  
Exogenous Substrate ◽  
Ph Stat ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
K Transport

The relationship of transmural and cellular phenomena to the rate of spontaneous luminal HH+ secretion by short-circuited gastric mucosa bathed in HCO3- and CO2-free Ringer solution was studied by the pH-stat technique. The bulk of luminal acidification can be accounted for by the appearance of H+ and not by organic acids. Acid secretion requires the presence of O2 and exogenous substrate but is not limited by endogenous CO2 production. The rate of H+ secretion is matched by the serosal appearance of alkali. The greater appearance of CO2 on the serosal side of the mucosa is consistent with hydroxylation of CO2 and greater permeability of the serosal border to HCO3-. Luminal changes in H+ concentrations affect H+ secretion but serosal changes do not, suggesting that the gradient produced by H+ secretion is at the luminal border. Steady-state isotopic Na+ and Cl- fluxes indicate net secretion of both ions, but net K+ transport is negligible.

Relation of blood flow to VO2, PO2, and PCO2 in dog gastrocnemius muscle

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (5) ◽  
pp. H1004-H1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Mohrman ◽  
R. R. Regal
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Muscle Oxygen ◽  
Muscle Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

We pump-perfused gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle preparations at constant pressure to study the relationship of muscle blood flow (Q) to muscle oxygen consumption (VO2), venous oxygen tension (PVO2), and venous carbon dioxide tension (PVCO2) during steady-state exercise at different rates. Tests were performed under four experimental conditions produced by altering the perfusate blood-gas status with a membrane lung. The consistency of the relationship of Q to other variables was evaluated by statistical analysis of fitted curves. Not one of the above listed variables had the same relationship with Q in all four of the experimental conditions we tested. However, we did find that a consistent relationship existed among Q, PVO2, and PVCO2 in our data. That relationship is well described by the equation (Q-23).[PVO2 - (0.5.PVCO2) - 3] = 105 (when Q is expressed in ml.100 g-1.min-1 and PVO2 and PVCO2 in mmHg). One interpretation of this result is that both PO2 and PCO2 are important variables in the control of blood flow in skeletal muscle the combined influence of which could account for nearly all of the hyperemia response to steady-state muscle exercise.

R439 – Effect of Resistance-Compliance Changes in Fluidic Systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P191-P191
Author(s):  
Ryan Dunn ◽  
Rick Odland ◽  
Vivian M Yu ◽  
Paul John Strykowski
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Round Window ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Compensatory Change ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Primary Test ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Fluid Pathway

Problem Previous work has established the relationship of resistance and compliance in a bench-top model of 2 parallel fluid systems representing endolymph and perilymph. The R-C Product is mathematically proportional to the time to equilibrium. Increasing the resistance to fluid movement in the “endolymph” significantly increased the time to hydrostatic equilibrium between the systems. The current study was designed to test whether a compensatory change in the R-C Product on the “perilymphatic” side would reduce the time to steady state. Methods As previously described, 2 parallel tubular systems with symmetric resistance and compliance members were perturbed by rotating the model from a horizontal, equilibrium condition to an upright, disequilibrium condition. Time to steady state was video recorded in 4 resistance conditions. The primary test was whether increased resistance to flow on the “endolymph” limb would be negated by an equal increase to resistance to flow on the “perilymph” limb. Results All 4 resistance conditions exhibited differences in time to steady state by ANOVA (p = 3.4 × 10E-12). Mean time to a steady state was reduced when a compensatory change in resistance was applied to the “perilymph” limb (1.0 + 1.1 sec) when compared to high resistance in the “endolymph” alone (2.5 + 1.3 sec, p = .01). Conclusion Compensatory changes in the R-C Product can reduce time to equilibrium. Significance Improved treatment of vertigo may be possible by application of principles that can affect resistance (fluid pathway diameter or viscosity) or compliance (stiffness of the oval or round window) of the systems. Support University of Minnesota Biomedical Engineering Institute Otolaryngology Interest Group Fund.

scholarly journals Lymph-migrating, tissue-derived dendritic cells are minor constituents within steady-state lymph nodes

2008 ◽  
Vol 205 (12) ◽  
pp. 2839-2850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Jakubzick ◽  
Milena Bogunovic ◽  
Anthony J. Bonito ◽  
Emma L. Kuan ◽  
Miriam Merad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Inflammatory Stimulus ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Reporter Mouse ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Observations that dendritic cells (DCs) constitutively enter afferent lymphatic vessels in many organs and that DCs in some tissues, such as the lung, turnover rapidly in the steady state have led to the concept that a major fraction of lymph node DCs are derived from migratory DCs that enter the lymph node through upstream afferent lymphatic vessels. We used the lysozyme M–Cre reporter mouse strain to assess the relationship of lymph node and nonlymphoid organ DCs. Our findings challenge the idea that a substantial proportion of lymph node DCs derive from the upstream tissue during homeostasis. Instead, our analysis suggests that nonlymphoid organ DCs comprise a major population of DCs within lymph nodes only after introduction of an inflammatory stimulus.

scholarly journals The relationship between contractile force and intracellular [Ca2+] in intact rat cardiac trabeculae.

1995 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
P H Backx ◽  
W D Gao ◽  
M D Azan-Backx ◽  
E Marban
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Hill Coefficient ◽  
Atpase Inhibitor ◽  
Relaxation Phase ◽  
Contractile System ◽  
To Come ◽  
State Force ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The control of force by [Ca2+] was investigated in rat cardiac trabeculae loaded with fura-2 salt. At sarcomere lengths of 2.1-2.3 microns, the steady state force-[Ca2+]i relationship during tetanization in the presence of ryanodine was half maximally activated at a [Ca2+]i of 0.65 +/- 0.19 microM with a Hill coefficient of 5.2 +/- 1.2 (mean +/- SD, n = 9), and the maximal stress produced at saturating [Ca2+]i equalled 121 +/- 35 mN/mm2 (n = 9). The dependence of steady state force on [Ca2+]i was identical in muscles tetanized in the presence of the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). The force-[Ca2+]i relationship during the relaxation of twitches in the presence of CPA coincided exactly to that measured at steady state during tetani, suggesting that CPA slows the decay rate of [Ca2+]i sufficiently to allow the force to come into a steady state with the [Ca2+]i. In contrast, the relationship of force to [Ca2+]i during the relaxation phase of control twitches was shifted leftward relative to the steady state relationship, establishing that relaxation is limited by the contractile system itself, not by Ca2+ removal from the cytosol. Under control conditions the force-[Ca2+]i relationship, quantified at the time of peak twitch force (i.e., dF/dt = 0), coincided fairly well with steady state measurements in some trabeculae (i.e., three of seven). However, the force-[Ca2+]i relationship at peak force did not correspond to the steady state measurements after the application of 5 mM 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) (to accelerate cross-bridge kinetics) or 100 microM CPA (to slow the relaxation of the [Ca2+]i transient). Therefore, we conclude that the relationship of force to [Ca2+]i during physiological twitch contractions cannot be used to predict the steady state relationship.

The Relationship of Alprazolam and Clonazepam Dose to Steady-State Concentration in Plasma

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 274???276 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAWRENCE A. LABBATE ◽  
MARK H. POLLACK ◽  
MICHAEL W. OTTO ◽  
GEORGE M. TESAR ◽  
JERROLD F. ROSENBAUM
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Steady State Concentration ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Concentration

The Temperature Dependence of CO2 Production of the North American Lizards Cnemidophorus velox and Sceloporus undulatus

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-351
Author(s):  
Deborah K. Anderson ◽  
Ann M. Sweet ◽  
Richard G. Bowker
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Sceloporus Undulatus ◽  
The North ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Activity Times

AbstractThe relationship of body temperature and resting CO2 production was examined for the lizards Cnemidophorus velox and Sceloporus undulatus. The CO2 production of both species was characterized by broad temperature ranges (30-38°C) in which no temperature dependence of CO2 production was observed. Also, both species showed considerable betwee individual variability. The metabolic rate of the widely foraging species, C. velox, is significantly higher than that of the wait-and-ambush species S. undulatus. However, this difference is eliminated when the size of the animals and activity times are considered; both species then have similar estimated average daily energy costs.

Shunt Reactors Compensation Research of UHV Accessed to Jiangxi Power Grid

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 1029-1034
Author(s):  
Yong Gao Zhang ◽  
Kai Xuan Chang ◽  
Yong Chun Su
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Transfer Equation ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Distributed Parameter ◽  
Shunt Reactor ◽  
Power Frequency ◽  
Shunt Reactors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Jiangxi ultra high voltage (UHV) accessed program is introduced. Based on uniform transfer equation, UHV π-type equivalent circuit is derived by considering the distributed parameter characteristics of UHV transmission line without conductance. Based on advanced digital power system simulator, the relationship of shunt reactor and steady-state voltage, as well as the relationship of shunt reactor and transient voltage, is achieved by using electromechanical and electromagnetic hybrid simulation, where the UHV between Hubei and Jiangxi is considered. Influences of shunt reactors’ location and the degree of compensation on UHV’s steady-state voltage and transient power frequency overvoltage are analyzed. The Logical results provide a meaningful guidance for the introduction of UHV power grid into Jiangxi power grid.

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