Lymphatic and vascular responses to fluid infusion in castrated and noncastrated sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. R1114-R1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Valenzuela ◽  
R. A. Brace ◽  
L. D. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Estrogen Withdrawal

Estrogen administration produces blood volume expansion and interstitial fluid retention. We decided to study the effect of estrogen withdrawal on blood volume and determine whether oophorectomy has an effect on lymph flow or protein concentration. The rate of left thoracic duct lymph flow averaged 0.041 +/- 0.005 (SE) and 0.071 +/- 0.008 ml X min-1 X kg-1 in castrated (n = 9) and noncastrated (n = 9) female sheep, respectively (P = 0.006). After three serial intravenous infusions of Ringer lactate solution (2% body wt/infusion) the thoracic duct lymph flow in the castrated animals increased 358, 457, and 498% over the base-line rate, compared with increase of 200, 235, and 353% in the nonpregnant ewes. However, with the lower control values in the castrated animals, the lymph flow rate reached the same absolute values as those seen in the noncastrated ewes. Lymph protein concentration and the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio, as well as arterial and venous pressures, were unaltered by oophorectomy. Base-line whole blood volumes were 58.2 +/- 1.9 (n = 9) and 64.8 +/- 2.6 ml/kg (n = 9) in the castrated and noncastrated ewes, respectively (P less than 0.05). Systemic vascular compliance averaged 4.5 +/- 0.7 and 7.1 +/- 1.7 ml X kg-1 X mmHg-1 in the castrated and noncastrated ewes, respectively (P less than 0.05), whereas interstitial fluid compliance values were 12 and 32 ml X kg-1 X mmHg-1, respectively. The capillary filtration coefficients were not different in the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of sustained lymph drainage on cardiovascular function and thoracic duct lymph in sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (4) ◽  
pp. R867-R874
Author(s):  
G. J. Valenzuela ◽  
C. W. Hewitt ◽  
G. C. Kramer ◽  
Y. Do ◽  
W. A. Hseuh
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Escape Rate ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Duct Lymph

We studied the effect of lowering the plasma protein concentration on the cardiovascular function and thoracic duct lymph in awake adult sheep. Hypoproteinemia was induced in seven nonpregnant, splenectomized sheep by drainage of the thoracic duct lymph over a 5-day period. The plasma protein went from a mean of 6.4 +/- 0.2 (SE) to 4.9 +/- 0.2 g/dl on day 5, and the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio decreased from 0.74 +/- 0.01 on day 1 to 0.48 +/- 0.04 on day 5. The percentage composition of the protein fractions in plasma and lymph remained unchanged. Lymph flow was 1.79 +/- 0.37 and 1.28 +/- 0.10 ml/min for days 1 and 5, respectively. Renin concentration in plasma increased 50-fold by day 5. Arterial pressure fell from 102.9 +/- 5.4 to 72.7 +/- 4.4 mmHg by day 5. Mean hematocrit was 28.9 +/- 1.7 at day 1, which was not significantly different than 24.6 +/- 2.9 at day 5 and indicated that the plasma volume did not decrease. Body weight also did not change significantly. There was a decrease in the transcapillary protein escape rate, determined as the thoracic lymph flow rate multiplied the lymph protein concentration, that suggests adaptations in the microcirculation to decrease vascular-to-interstitial protein transfer during hypoproteinemia. Hypoproteinemic animals also demonstrated greater vascular retention of a fluid volume challenge. In conclusion, the sheep adaptations to sustained hypoproteinemia produced by lymph drainage were a significant decrease in arterial pressure, large increases in vascular compliance and renin concentration, and reduced transcapillary escape rate of protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic fluids on thoracic duct lymph flow

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (6) ◽  
pp. R785-R791
Author(s):  
R. A. Brace ◽  
G. G. Power
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Volume ◽  
Duct Lymph

To test whether whole-body lymph flow responses to vascular volume loading depend on osmolality, we measured left thoracic duct lymph flow rate and protein concentration, plasma protein concentration, plasma osmolality, hematocrit, and arterial and venous pressures in pentobarbital-anesthetized, acutely nephrectomized dogs. Hypo- (100 mosmol), iso- (309 mosmol), and hypertonic (600 mosmol) saline, isotonic lactated Ringer solution, and 5% glucose in lactated Ringer solution (580 mosmol) were infused into the jugular vein (20 ml/kg per infusion over 5 min at 30-min intervals). Changes in blood, interstitial, and cellular volumes were calculated from the infused volume and from the hematocrit and plasma osmolality. The hypotonic fluid increased lymph flow about half as much as the isotonic fluid, whereas the hypertonic fluids increased lymph flow about twice as much as the isotonic infusions. Responses appeared independent of the osmotic agent, because hypertonic NaCl was as effective as hypertonic glucose in increasing lymph flow. Responses were not altered appreciably after lowering arterial pressure by 25 mmHg. The major finding of this study is that for every condition we explored, the excess lymph flow over 30 min (ELF in ml X kg-1 X 30 min-1) correlated with the change in interstitial fluid volume (delta ISFV in ml/kg); ELF = 0.076 delta ISFV (r = 0.909). These data suggest that cellular fluid that enters the interstitium is equally effective in increasing thoracic duct lymph flow as is vascular fluid that filters into the interstitium.

Blood volume response to drainage of left thoracic duct lymph in the ovine fetus

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. R709-R713
Author(s):  
R. A. Brace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Fetal Blood ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Volume Response ◽  
Ovine Fetus

Although it is known that left thoracic duct lymph flow rate in the ovine fetus is several times that in the adult relative to body weight, the role of the lymphatic system in maintaining fetal blood volume has not been explored. In the present study, the left thoracic lymph duct was drained without return to the fetal circulation in 10 chronically catheterized animals for 7 h. Four experiments in which the lymph was returned to the circulation served as control. During the 7-h drainage, the total volume drained was 174.4 +/- 19.6 ml. Thoracic duct lymph flow rate decreased gradually and averaged 22.2 +/- 3.4% (SE) below control at 6-7 h compared with a small increase in the control experiments (analysis of variance: P = 0.0013 comparing 2 groups). Fetal blood volume decreased (P < 0.0001) by 8.2 +/- 1.1% at 3 h because of a decrease in plasma volume with a further small decrease in blood volume to 9.7 +/- 0.9% below normal at 7 h. The decreases in blood volume at 1, 3, 5, and 7 h were 49.5, 40.2, 24.6, and 21.7%, respectively, of the volume of lymph that was drained. Fetal vascular pressures and heart rate did not change significantly. Although protein concentrations in plasma (-6.8 +/- 1.3%) and lymph (-7.5 +/- 2.1%) decreased, the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio remained constant at 0.72 +/- 0.01.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Fetal thoracic duct lymph flow response to intravascular saline infusion

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (6) ◽  
pp. R1007-R1010
Author(s):  
R. A. Brace
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Duct Lymph

The left thoracic lymph duct was catheterized at the base of the neck in the sheep fetus at 123-136 days of gestation, and the lymphatic catheter was connected to a jugular vein catheter so that the lymph could return to the fetus. Lymph flow was studied 5 days after catheter implantation in the unanesthetized fetus. Basal fetal thoracic duct lymph flow rate per unit body weight averaged three times adult sheep values. After an infusion of 20 ml/kg of warmed isotonic saline into a fetal vein over 5 min, lymph flow rate increased significantly to 161 +/- 15% of control, with a peak at 8 min after termination of the infusion, and flow declined thereafter. The increased lymph volume above baseline values over 30 min averaged 5.7% of the infused volume and is similar to the adult response. Plasma and lymph protein concentrations decreased as did the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio. The latter is opposite to what occurs in the adult under the same conditions. Thus the present study shows that even though the fetus has a much higher basal thoracic duct lymph flow rate than the adult, the responsiveness of the fetal lymphatic system to intravascularly infused saline is similar to that of the adult. The decrease in the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio suggests that there may be differences between fetal and adult vascular-interstitial-lymphatic protein kinetics.

Effect of furosemide on thoracic duct lymph flow in the dog

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (5) ◽  
pp. F363-F371 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McCaffrey ◽  
M. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Splanchnic Blood Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

Furosemide 20 mg/kg was given intravenously to 12 anesthetized dogs with clamped renal pedicles. Thoracic duct lymph flow (TDLF) increased promptly by 38% (P less than 0.05), an increment that lasted 80 min. Because in 6 of 12 dogs there was a transient increase in splanchnic blood flow, in separate groups splanchnic blood flow was either markedly constricted or markedly increased by intravenous isoproterenol. Thoracic duct lymph flow increased by 95 and 90%, respectively, following furosemid despite no further change in splanchnic blood flow. Furosemide had no effect on blood pressure, lymph protein, or plasma sodium. In four chronic caval dogs, TDLF was increased by 400%, yet furosemide produced a further increment in lymph flow of 30% (P less than 0.05). Infusion of a 25% albumin solution to contract the interstitial fluid did not abolish the furosemide effect, but a 10% mannitol solution did. Furosemide increased TDLF even after the infusion of papaverine reduced blood pressure to 60 mmHg. We conclude that furosemide increases TDLF by acting directly on splanchnic capillaries to allow increased filtration of fluid in the absence of increased splanchnic blood flow or capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Thoracic duct lymph flow responses to hemorrhage in the ovine fetus

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (4) ◽  
pp. H1277-H1281
Author(s):  
R. A. Brace
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration

Blood volume returns toward normal after hemorrhage much more rapidly in the fetus than in the adult due to a rapid entry of fluid and plasma proteins into the fetal circulation. One potential source of fetal fluids and plasma proteins is the lymphatic system, since basal lymph flow rate and interstitial protein concentration are high in the fetus. Furthermore, studies in adults suggest that lymph flow rate may increase following hemorrhage. To test the hypothesis that hemorrhage induces an increase in lymph flow in the fetus, 15 late-gestation ovine fetuses underwent left thoracic duct catheterization with low-resistance catheters and were studied 5 or more days after surgery at 134 +/- 1 (SE) days gestation. The protocol included three successive 30-min periods: control, hemorrhage, and recovery. During the first 5 min of the hemorrhagic period, 61 +/- 4 ml of fetal blood were removed. The blood was reinfused over the first 5 min of the recovery period. After the hemorrhage, fetal arterial pressure, venous pressure, and heart rate decreased (analysis of variance, P < 0.001). These variables significantly increased above basal levels following blood reinfusion. Fetal hematocrit (P < 0.001) and plasma protein concentration (P < 0.05) also decreased after the hemorrhage and returned to control values after the reinfusion. Fetal lymph flow rate was 0.55 +/- 0.06 (SE) ml/min before the hemorrhage and decreased by a maximum of 30.3 +/- 6.3% (P < 0.001) at 8 min after the end of the hemorrhage. Lymph flow rate was reduced by an average of 19.1 +/- 6.6% during the hemorrhagic period and returned to prehemorrhage levels following blood reinfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Plasma volume, red cell volume, and thoracic duct lymph flow in hypothermia

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (5) ◽  
pp. H605-H612 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Chen ◽  
S. Chien
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Duct Lymph

The effects of hypothermia on plasma volume (125I-albumin), red blood cell volume (51 Cr-RBC), and capillary permeability (thoracic duct lymph flow and protein concentration) were determined on dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated. Red blood cell volume and plasma protein concentration did not change significantly after cooling. Reductions in plasma volume and total plasma proteins indicate that whole plasma was excluded from the effective circulating blood volume. Except for a lesser increase in hematocrit, chronically splenectomized dogs showed essentially the same changes as normal dogs in response to hypothermia. Following application of ice bags, there was a biphasic response in lymph flow. The early increase in lymph flow accompanying a slight decrease in plasma volume was attributable to transcapillary fluid loss into interstitial space, probably due to cold-induced sympathetic activity. The later decrease in lymph flow in hypothermia resulted from a decrease of lymph production secondary to a decrease in available capillary diffusion area. This decrease in lymph flows and the continued reduction in plasma volume suggest an intravascular sequestration of whole plasma.

Effects of interleukin-2 on the pulmonary microvasculature in anesthetized sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 909-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lei ◽  
E. H. Jerome ◽  
D. Douguet ◽  
G. J. Jesmok ◽  
D. P. Schuster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Final Dose ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Mediastinal Node ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Duct Lymph

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is reputed to cause pulmonary microvascular injury. We studied the pulmonary and splanchnic microcirculation of anesthetized sheep after one dose (1.8 x 10(6) IU/kg) of IL-2 (n = 9) and after six doses (1.8 x 10(6) IU.kg-1.dose-1) of IL-2 over 3 days (n = 9). Seven control sheep received only 5% dextrose diluent. We measured hemodynamics and lymph dynamics in anesthetized sheep after the final dose of IL-2 or diluent. After one dose of IL-2, caudal mediastinal node (mainly pulmonary) lymph flow was stable, whereas thoracic duct lymph flow increased from a baseline of 54 +/- 6 to 124 +/- 22 ml/h. After 3 days of IL-2, the caudal mediastinal node lymph flow increased from 7.7 +/- 5.5 to 19.0 +/- 14.8 ml/h 5–6 h after the final dose of IL-2, and thoracic duct lymph flow increased from 84 +/- 43 to 143 +/- 42 ml/h. The lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio increased after IL-2 for thoracic duct but not for caudal mediastinal node lymph. The equilibration rate of 125I-albumin from plasma to caudal mediastinal node lymph did not change, whereas plasma-to-thoracic duct lymph equilibration was faster after both one dose and 3 days of IL-2. Positron emission tomography showed no increase in the pulmonary transcapillary escape rate for 68Ga-labeled transferrin or in extravascular lung water (n = 4). We conclude that IL-2 at doses two to three times those used clinically does not significantly injure the pulmonary microcirculation of sheep.

Effect of serotonin, epinephrine, histamine, and hexamethonium on thoracic duct lymph

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walton K. T. Shim ◽  
Eugene L. Pollack ◽  
Theodore Drapanas
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Total Protein Concentration ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Duct Lymph

Serial studies of thoracic duct lymph flow rates and lymph proteins including albumin, globulin and fibrinogen were performed in 22 fasting unanesthetized dogs following intrathoracic cannulation of the thoracic duct with a polyethylene catheter. Serotonin given intravenously (20 µg/kg/min) produced a marked increase in lymph flow (115%) with a 20% decrease in total protein concentration. A single intravenous injection of epinephrine (1 mg) produced a 92% increase in lymph flow accompanied by a 12% increase in protein concentration. Histamine (1 mg) given intravenously also produced a significant increase in lymph flow (127%) but protein concentration remained constant. Hexamethonium chloride (2.5 mg/kg iv) markedly depressed lymph flow rate (50%) without significantly altering lymph protein concentrations. The possible mechanisms of action of each of these agents is discussed. Results indicate that serotonin markedly influences lymph production and lymph protein concentration by a probable selective alteration of capillary permeability rather than by increasing intestinal motility.

Lung lymph and free interstitial fluid protein composition in sheep with edema

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (6) ◽  
pp. 1650-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Vreim ◽  
PD Snashall ◽  
RH Demling ◽  
NC Staub
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Interstitial Edema ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Free Interstitial ◽  
Lung Lymph

In 10 anesthetized sheep with mild or moderate pulmonary edema we determined whether the protein composition of lung lymph is representative of free interstitial fluid. We measured protein concentration and albumin fraction in 1-mul samples of plasma, lung lymph, and free interstitial fluid. We also measured lung lymph flow. In five sheep with edema caused by increased pulmonary microvascular pressure, the average (+/- 1 SE) plasma protein concentration was 6.0 +/- 0.4 g/100 ml, lung lymph 3.4 +/- 0.2, and interstitial fluid 3.1 +/- 0.3. Lymph flow increased from an average base-line value of 9.4 ml/h to 43.4 ml/h during edema. Average albumin fractions in lymph and interstitial fluid were 0.56 +/- 0.02 and 0.50 +/- 0.01, respectively, compared with 0.44 +/- 0.01 for plasma. In five sheep with increased-permeability edema, average plasma protein concentration was 5.7 +/- 0.3 g/100 ml, lung lymph 4.1 +/- 0.4, and interstitial fluid 4.6 +/- 0.4. Base-line lymph flow was 11.0 ml/h and increased to 27.8 ml/h during edema. Average albumin fractions in lymph and interstitial fluid were 0.53 +/- 0.01 and 0.50 +/- 0.02, respectively, compared with 0.43 +/- 0.01 for plasma. We conclude in both high-pressure and altered-permeability edema, the protein composition of lung lymph collected from the major lung efferent lymphatic is representative of the free interstitial edema fluid.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document