Effects of external pressure loading on human skin blood flow measured by 133Xe clearance

Forearm skin blood flow was measured during external pressure loading in normal human subjects using 133Xe washout from intracutaneous injection sites. Pressures ranging between 5 and 150 mmHg were applied through a 3-cm-diameter disc placed over the site of flow determination. The pressure was maintained constant by a servo-controlled loading mechanism. Flow decreased with pressures from 5 to 10 and 30 to 150 mmHg, but remained constant with pressures from 10 to 30 mmHg. Reactive hyperemia occurred following removal of pressures of 90 mmHg or greater, but did not occur following removal of lower pressures. The pressure-flow curve for parasacral skin of paraplegic subjects closely paralleled the pressure-flow curve of normal skin at pressures tested: 5–15 mmHg. These data are interpreted to demonstrate autoregulation of skin blood flow. Autoregulation in parasacral skin of paraplegic subjects suggests a peripheral mechanism. The occurrence of hyperemia at pressures which exceed the ability of skin to autoregulate suggests that both autoregulation and post occlusion hyperemia may have the same mechanism.

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Effects of external pressure loading on human skin blood flow measured by 133 Xe clearance

Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery ◽

10.1097/00006534-197703000-00129 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 471 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Wood ◽

G. A. Holloway

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Human Skin ◽

Skin Blood Flow ◽

External Pressure ◽

Pressure Loading

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Using reactive hyperemia to investigate the effect of cupping sizes of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-200120 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Xiangfeng He ◽

Xueyan Zhang ◽

Fuyuan Liao ◽

Li He ◽

Xin Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽

Skin Blood Flow ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Recovery Time ◽

Reactive Hyperemia ◽

Cupping Therapy ◽

Doppler Flowmetry ◽

Healthy Participants ◽

Hyperemic Response

BACKGROUND: Various cupping sizes of cupping therapy have been used in managing musculoskeletal conditions; however, the effect of cupping sizes on skin blood flow (SBF) responses is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effect of three cupping sizes of cupping therapy on SBF responses. METHODS: Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to measure SBF on the triceps in 12 healthy participants in this repeated measures study. Three cup sizes (35, 40 and 45 mm in diameter) were blinded to the participants and were tested at -300 mmHg for 5 minutes. Reactive hyperemic response to cupping therapy was expressed as a ratio of baseline SBF. RESULTS: All three sizes of cupping cups resulted in a significant increase in peak SBF (p< 0.001). Peak SBF of the 45 mm cup (9.41 ± 1.32 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup (5.62 ± 1.42 times, p< 0.05). Total SBF of the 45 mm cup ((24.33 ± 8.72) × 103 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup ((8.05 ± 1.63) × 103 times, p< 0.05). Recovery time of the 45 mm cup (287.46 ± 39.54 seconds) was significantly longer than the 35 mm cup (180.12 ± 1.42 seconds, p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that all three cup sizes can significantly increase SBF. The 45 mm cup is more effective in increasing SBF compared to the 35 mm cup.

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Time–amplitude analysis of skin blood flow oscillations during the post-occlusive reactive hyperemia in human

Microvascular Research ◽

10.1016/j.mvr.2010.03.010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 58-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Irina V. Tikhonova ◽

Arina V. Tankanag ◽

Nikolay K. Chemeris

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Skin Blood Flow ◽

Reactive Hyperemia ◽

Amplitude Analysis ◽

Blood Flow Oscillations ◽

Flow Oscillations ◽

Skin Blood Flow Oscillations

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Change of Skin Blood Flow at Lower Limb under External Pressure

Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics ◽

10.3993/jfbi09200806 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 125-130

Author(s):

Lijing Wang

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Skin Blood Flow ◽

Lower Limb ◽

External Pressure

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Interactions between local and reflex influences on human forearm skin blood flow

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1976.41.6.826 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 826-831 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

J. M. Johnson ◽

G. L. Brengelmann ◽

L. B. Rowell

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Skin Blood Flow ◽

Forearm Blood Flow ◽

Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽

Muscle Blood Flow ◽

Whole Body ◽

Vasoconstrictor Response ◽

Human Forearm ◽

Forearm Skin ◽

Forearm Muscle

A three-part experiment was designed to examine interactions between local and reflex influences on forearm skin blood flow (SkBF). In part I locally increasing arm skin temperature (Tsk) to 42.5 degrees C was not associated with increases in underlying forearm muscle blood flow, esophageal temperature (Tes), or forearm blood flow in the contralateral cool arm. In part II whole-body Tsk was held at 38 or 40 degrees C and the surface temperature of one arm held at 38 or 42 degrees C for prolonged periods. SkBF in the heated arm rose rapidly with the elevation in body Tsk and arm Tsk continued to rise as Tes rose. SkBF in the arm kept at 32 degrees C paralleled rising Tes. In six studies, SkBF in the cool arm ultimately converged with SkBF in the heated arm. In eight other studies, heated arm SkBF maintained an offset above cool arm SkBF throughout the period of whole-body heating. In part III, local arm Tsk of 42.5 degrees C did not abolish skin vasoconstrictor response to lower body negative pressure. We conclude that local and reflex influences to skin interact so as to modify the degree but not the pattern of skin vasomotor response.

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A Theory of Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3108401 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 20-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

G. W. Schmid-Scho¨nbein

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Flow Curve ◽

Oscillatory Flow ◽

Viscoelastic Model ◽

Low Flow ◽

Pressure Flow ◽

Closed Form Solutions ◽

Wide Range ◽

Theoretical Results

A theoretical analysis of blood flow in the microcirculation of skeletal muscle is provided. The flow in the microvessels of this organ is quasi steady and has a very low Reynolds number. The blood is non-Newtonian and the blood vessels are distensible with viscoelastic properties. A formulation of the problem is provided using a viscoelastic model for the vessel wall which was recently derived from measurements in the rat spinotrapezius muscle (Skalak and Schmid-Scho¨nbein, 1986b). Closed form solutions are derived for several physiologically important cases, such as perfusion at steady state, transient and oscillatory flows. The results show that resting skeletal muscle has, over a wide range of perfusion pressures an almost linear pressure-flow curve. At low flow it exhibits nonlinearities. Vessel distensibility and the non-Newtonian properties of blood both have a strong influence on the shape of the pressure-flow curve. During oscillatory flow the muscle exhibits hysteresis. The theoretical results are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.

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