Effects of contraction force and frequency on postexercise hyperemia in human calf muscles

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Richardson ◽  
R. Shewchuk
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Calf Muscle ◽  
Contraction Force ◽  
A Value ◽  
True Blood ◽  
The Right ◽  
Human Calf

The purpose of this study was to examine the separate effects of contraction force and frequency on postexercise hyperemia in the human calf muscle. Nine male subjects were used. Each was seated in a chair with the right foot on a pedal coupled to a load cell and the knee secured. Calf muscle blood flow, measured by a Whitney gauge, was determined before and periodically after 3-pmin bouts of rhythmic isometric plantar-flexor exercise. The contraction frequency was graded from 20 to 50 to 80 contractions/min. The force per contraction was graded from 7.5 to 15 to 30% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the calf muscle. The average MCV was 502 lb. Peak postexercise blood flow (PBF) increased with either increasing frequency at a given force or increasing force at a given frequency. However, at the higher levels of exercise, PBF tended to plateau at a value of about 50 ml.min-1.100 ml-1. The plateau phase of PBF was associated with a substantial increase in the total volume of postexercise hyperemia. This appeared to be well above any repayment of a blood flow deficit. However, it is not certain that the extra volume represented the repayment of a true blood flow debt.

scholarly journals Effect of vitamin C on hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction in exercising skeletal muscle

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (10) ◽  
pp. 1207-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushant M. Ranadive ◽  
Michael J. Joyner ◽  
Branton G. Walker ◽  
Jennifer L. Taylor ◽  
Darren P. Casey
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Forearm Vascular Conductance ◽  
Forearm Exercise ◽  
Induced Changes

Hyperoxia can cause substantial reductions in peripheral and coronary blood flow at rest and during exercise, which may be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during hyperoxia. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ROS in hyperoxia-induced reductions in skeletal muscle blood flow during forearm exercise. We hypothesized that infusion of vitamin C would abolish the effects of hyperoxia on the forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to exercise. Twelve young healthy adults performed rhythmic forearm handgrip exercise (10% of maximum voluntary contraction for 5 min) during normoxia and hyperoxia. For each condition, two trials were conducted with intra-arterial administration of saline or vitamin C. FBF was measured using Doppler ultrasound. During hyperoxia with saline, FBF and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) were 86.3 ± 5.1 and 86.8 ± 5.2%, respectively, of the normoxic values (100%) ( P < 0.05). During vitamin C, hyperoxic FBF and FVC responses were 90.9 ± 4.2 and 90.9 ± 4.1%, respectively, of the normoxic values ( P = 0.57 and 0.59). Subjects were then divided into three subgroups based on their percent decrease in FBF (>20, 10–20, and <10%) during hyperoxia. In the subgroup that demonstrated the greatest hyperoxia-induced changes (>20%), FBF and FVC during hyperoxia were 67.1 ± 4.0 and 66.8 ± 3.6%, respectively, of the normoxic values. Vitamin C abolished these effects on FBF and FVC with values that were 102.0 ± 5.2 and 100.8 ± 6.1%, respectively. However, vitamin C had no effect in the other two subgroups. This analysis is consistent with the idea that ROS generation blunts the FBF responses to exercise in the subjects most affected by hyperoxia.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of rapid vasodilation after a brief contraction in human skeletal muscle

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (1) ◽  
pp. H29-H40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne R. Crecelius ◽  
Brett S. Kirby ◽  
Gary J. Luckasen ◽  
Dennis G. Larson ◽  
Frank A. Dinenno
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Impact Peak ◽  
Inwardly Rectifying

A monophasic increase in skeletal muscle blood flow is observed after a brief single forearm contraction in humans, yet the underlying vascular signaling pathways remain largely undetermined. Evidence from experimental animals indicates an obligatory role of vasodilation via K+-mediated smooth muscle hyperpolarization, and human data suggest little to no independent role for nitric oxide (NO) or vasodilating prostaglandins (PGs). We tested the hypothesis that K+-mediated vascular hyperpolarization underlies the rapid vasodilation in humans and that combined inhibition of NO and PGs would have a minimal effect on this response. We measured forearm blood flow (Doppler ultrasound) and calculated vascular conductance 10 s before and for 30 s after a single 1-s dynamic forearm contraction at 10%, 20%, and 40% maximum voluntary contraction in 16 young adults. To inhibit K+-mediated vasodilation, BaCl2 and ouabain were infused intra-arterially to inhibit inwardly rectifying K+ channels and Na+-K+-ATPase, respectively. Combined enzymatic inhibition of NO and PG synthesis occurred via NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA; NO synthase) and ketorolac (cyclooxygenase), respectively. In protocol 1 ( n = 8), BaCl2 + ouabain reduced peak vasodilation (range: 30–45%, P < 0.05) and total postcontraction vasodilation (area under the curve, ∼55–75% from control) at all intensities. Contrary to our hypothesis, l-NMMA + ketorolac had a further impact (peak: ∼60% and area under the curve: ∼80% from control). In protocol 2 ( n = 8), the order of inhibitors was reversed, and the findings were remarkably similar. We conclude that K+-mediated hyperpolarization and NO and PGs, in combination, significantly contribute to contraction-induced rapid vasodilation and that inhibition of these signaling pathways nearly abolishes this phenomenon in humans.

Influence of posture on isometric fatigue

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Lind ◽  
R. Burse ◽  
R. H. Rochelle ◽  
J. S. Rinehart ◽  
J. S. Petrofsky
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Isometric Contractions ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Recumbent Posture ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Right

The isometric strength of four trained subjects was unaltered by changes in posture. But the endurance of an isometric contraction held to fatigue at 25 and 40% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was 20% greater in the sitting than in the recumbent posture. This difference was abolished when the exercise was performed with the arm's circulation arrested. At rest, the blood flow through the forearm was greater when the subjects were in the recumbent than in the sitting position but the reverse was true during isometric contractions. In these two postures, there was no difference in the right atrial pressure during the contraction, suggesting that the low-pressure baroreceptors are not responsible for the differences in blood flow during exercise. To date no mechanism is available to explain these observations.

Increased muscle perfusion reduces muscle sympathetic nerve activity during handgripping

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 2450-2455 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Joyner ◽  
W. Wieling
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Muscle Afferents ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Nerve Activity

This study sought to determine whether increasing blood flow to active muscles can blunt the normal rise in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during heavy rhythmic forearm exercise in humans. Subjects performed 5- to 6-min exercise bouts of handgripping (30/min) at 40–50% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Blood flow was increased by application of suction (50 mmHg) around the forearm. Suction increased deep venous oxygen saturation in blood draining the forearm from 34 +/- 4 to 45 +/- 4%, indicating that muscle blood flow had risen by approximately 20%. Suction had no impact on the heart rate, perceived exertion, or electromyographic responses to the handgripping. During 6 min of exercise at 50% of MVC, MSNA rose from 376 +/- 67 to 970 +/- 125 units during the control trial vs. 396 +/- 69 to 729 +/- 94 units during the suction trial, and the difference was maintained during 2 min of postexercise ischemia (P < 0.05; suction < control). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose from 99 +/- 4 to 129 +/- 6 mmHg during control vs. 99 +/- 4 to 126 +/- 6 mmHg during the suction trial, and these responses were only different (P < 0.05; suction < control) during the final minute of the exercise bouts. During postexercise ichemia, MAP was 122 +/- 6 mmHg after the control trial but was only 112 +/- 4 mmHg after the suction trial. These results indicate that forearm suction augmented muscle blood flow, limited the activation of chemosensitive muscle afferents, and blunted the rise in MSNA during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood flow response of human calf muscles to static contractions at various percentages of MVC

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 929-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Calf Muscle ◽  
Flow Response ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Static Contractions ◽  
Male Subjects

Six male subjects within the age range of 20–35 yr consented to perform static calf muscle contractions at 7.5, 15, and 30% of their maximum voluntary contractile strength (MVC) for a period of 2 min each. Isometric contractions were performed in a sitting position by pressing the knee against a solid support plate via plantar flexion. Calf muscle blood flow (BF) was measured periodically before, during, and after each contraction by a Whitney gauge. Average resting BF was 3.9 ml . min-1 . 100 ml-1 of calf volume. During the 7.5, 15, and 30% MVC contractions, BF increased to steady-state levels of 7.2, 7.9, and 5.3 ml . min-1 . 100 ml-1, respectively. The values for 7.5 and 15% MVC were significantly higher than resting BF (P less than or equal to 0.05). The postcontraction hyperemia, measured as the area under the postcontraction BF curve, averaged 4.4, 10.1, and 23.2 ml/100 ml, respectively, for the 7.5, 15, and 30% MVC efforts. Comparison of these values with corresponding hyperemic volumes during contraction showed that the portions of the total BF response that occurred in the postcontraction periods were 41, 57, and 88%, respectively, for the 7.5, 15, and 30% efforts. These results demonstrate that during static calf muscle contractions BF increases by only a modest amount, and at even small forces of contraction a sizable portion of the total flow response occurs in the postcontraction period.

Sympathetic modulation of blood flow and O2 uptake in rhythmically contracting human forearm muscles

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (4) ◽  
pp. H1078-H1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Joyner ◽  
L. A. Nauss ◽  
M. A. Warner ◽  
D. O. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Sympathetic Block ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Fick Principle ◽  
Rhythmic Exercise

This study tested the effects of sympathetically mediated changes in blood flow to active muscles on muscle O2 uptake (VO2) in humans. Four minutes of graded (15-80% of maximum voluntary contraction, MVC) rhythmic handgrip exercise were performed. Forearm blood flow (FBF) (plethysmography) and deep vein O2 saturation were measured each minute. Forearm O2 uptake was calculated using the Fick principle. In protocol 1, exercise was performed while supine and again while upright to augment sympathetic outflow to the active muscles. Standing reduced FBF at rest from 3.6 to 2.2 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 (P < 0.05). During light exercise (15-40% MVC) FBF was unaffected by body position. Standing reduced FBF (P < 0.05) from 36.0 to 25.2 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 and forearm VO2 from 38.2 to 28.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 during the final work load. In protocol 2, exercise was performed while supine before and after local anesthetic block of the sympathetic nerves to the forearm. Sympathetic block increased FBF at rest from 3.1 to 8.9 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 (P < 0.05), and FBF was higher during all work loads At 70-80% of MVC sympathetic block increased FBF from 35.4 to 50.7 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 (P < 0.05), and forearm VO2 from 45.5 to 54.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 (P < 0.05). These results suggest that in humans sympathetic nerves modulate blood flow to active muscles during light and heavy rhythmic exercise and that this restraint of flow can limit O2 uptake in muscles performing heavy rhythmic exercise.

Muscular blood flow distribution patterns as a function of running speed in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (2) ◽  
pp. H296-H306 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Laughlin ◽  
R. B. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Vastus Intermedius ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
The Right ◽  
White Gastrocnemius

Muscle blood flow (BF) was measured using the radiolabeled microsphere technique within and among nine major muscles of rats before exercise and during treadmill walking or running at speeds of 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 m/min. Measurements were made during exercise after 1 min of steady walking or running. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically instrumented with 2 Silastic catheters, one in the ascending aorta via the right carotid artery for microsphere infusion and one in the left renal artery for arterial reference blood sample withdrawal. The preexercise results demonstrated that 1) BF to deep slow-twitch muscles was three to four times that to peripheral fast muscles (e.g., soleus and gastrocnemius BFs were 138 and 33 ml . min-1 . 100 g-1, respectively); 2) BFs to red portions within mixed muscles were three to four times those to white portions (e.g, red and white gastrocnemius BFs were 54 and 18 ml . min-1 . 100 g-1, respectively; and 3) there was a direct relationship (P less than 0.05) between BFs to muscles and their slow-twitch oxidative fiber populations. The results obtained during exercise demonstrated that 1) at the slowest speed studied (15 m/min) BFs to the red portions of muscles increased, whereas BFs to the white portions of the same muscles decreased; 2) BFs to all muscles (except soleus) were increased during running at 75 m/min when there was a range of flows of 30 ml . 100 g-1 . min-1 (white gastrocnemius) to 321 (vastus intermedius), 3) at all running speeds the increases in BF to muscles were directly related to the fast-twitch, high-oxidative fiber populations of the muscles; and 4) BFs to visceral tissues and fat were decreased during exercise.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences in Rapid-Onset Vasodilation: Impact of Aging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brady E. Hanson ◽  
Michael J. Joyner ◽  
Darren P. Casey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Single Muscle ◽  
Vasodilatory Response ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Forearm Vascular Conductance

Rapid-onset vasodilation (ROV) in response to a single muscle contraction is attenuated with aging. Moreover, sex-related differences in muscle blood flow and vasodilation during dynamic exercise have been observed in young and older adults. The purpose of the present study was to explore if sex-related differences in ROV exist in young (n=36, 25±1 yr) and older (n=32, 66±1 yr) adults. Subjects performed single forearm contractions at 10%, 20%, and 40% maximal voluntary contraction. Brachial artery blood velocity and diameter were measured with Doppler ultrasound, and forearm vascular conductance (ml·min-1·100 mmHg-1) was calculated from blood flow (ml·min-1) and mean arterial pressure (mmHg) and used as a measure of ROV. Peak ROV was attenuated in women across all relative intensities in the young and older groups (P<0.05). In a subset of subjects with similar absolute workloads (~5 kg and ~11kg), age-related differences in ROV were observed among both women and men (P<0.05). However, only older women demonstrated an attenuated peak ROV compared to men (91±6 vs. 121±11 ml·min-1·100 mmHg-1, P<0.05), a difference not observed in the young group (134±8 vs. 154±11 ml·min-1·100 mmHg-1, P=0.15). Additionally, examining the slope of peak ROV across contraction intensities indicated a blunted response in older women compared to their young counterparts (P<0.05), with no differences observed between older and young men (P=0.38). Our data suggest that sex-related differences in the rapid vasodilatory response to single muscle contractions exist in older but not young adults, such that older women have a blunted response compared to older men.

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