Rebreathing lung tissue volume of sheep with normal and edematous lungs

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 1132-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Huchon ◽  
A. Lipavsky ◽  
J. M. Hoeffel ◽  
J. F. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Extravascular Lung Water ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Lung Weight ◽  
Tissue Volume ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Permeability Pulmonary Edema

To determine the accuracy of measurements of lung tissue volume (Vlt) by rebreathing acetylene in normal and edematous lungs, we compared gravimetric values of total lung weight (Ql) and extravascular lung water (Qwl) with Vlt in anesthetized control sheep (C) and sheep with hydrostatic pulmonary edema (HPE) or oleic acid-induced permeability pulmonary edema (PPE), five animals each. In eight additional sheep we determined that acetylene solubility in blood (0.117 +/- 0.010 ml X 100 ml-1 X Torr-1) differed significantly from that in lung-blood homogenates (0.095 +/- 0.009 ml X 100 ml-1 X Torr-1, P = 0.0017). The latter value was used in all calculations. In C, Vlt was 194% of Qwl and 98% of Ql; in HPE, Vlt was 144% of Qwl and 87% of Ql; and in PPE, Vlt was 112% of Qwl and 77% of Ql. We conclude that when the lungs are normal, Vlt reasonably measures Ql not Qwl. However in both HPE and PPE, Vlt progressively underestimates Ql and cannot differentiate between increased blood volume and increased Qwl.

Factors affecting tissue volume measurements in normal and edematous dog lungs

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1548-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Huchon ◽  
A. Lipavsky ◽  
P. Pangburn ◽  
J. M. Hoeffel ◽  
G. Jibelian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Extravascular Lung Water ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Lung Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tissue Volume ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Lung Water Content

To characterize further some of the factors affecting lung tissue soluble-gas rebreathing volume (Vlt), we determined the solubility of acetylene in blood and lung tissue, the influence of the presence of pulmonary edema on tissue solubility, the effects of varying tidal volume (VT), and the tissue volume actually measured in two groups of six anesthetized paralyzed dogs: controls (C) and oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema (OA). Each animal's solubility was used to compute Vlt for comparison with gravimetric lung weight (Ql) and extravascular lung water content (Qwl). Solubility at 37.5 degrees C in blood (0.125 ml X 100 ml-1 X Torr-1) exceeded that in lung tissue (P less than 0.005): C = 0.118 and OA = 0.112 ml X 100 ml-1 X Torr-1 (NS). Vlt, expressed as %Ql, increased with increasing VT (20, 35, and 50 ml/kg) in OA (62.2, 78.9, and 94.7%, respectively, P less than 0.0001) but not in C (92.4, 94.4, and 99.3%, respectively). We conclude that solubility differs in blood and lung tissue but not in normal and edematous lungs, Vlt is not affected by VT in normal dogs but is in those with pulmonary edema, and Vlt measures Ql rather than Qwl.

Lung tissue volume during development of edema in isolated canine lungs

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1038-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Felton ◽  
W. G. Johanson
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Lung Weight ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Tissue Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue Volume

The technique of estimating pulmonary tissue volume (Vt) by rebreathing a tissue-soluble gas is rapid and noninvasive. We examined the sensitivity of this technique for the estimation of Vt in isolated, perfused canine lungs during the development of pulmonary edema. Vt was 84 ± 15% (mean ± SD) of the associated lung weight for lung weights of up to 240% of base line but decreased to 70 ± 2% when lung weight exceeded 310% of base line. Small rebreathing tidal volumes resulted in significantly smaller values for Vt in edematous lungs. An abrupt increase in pulmonary venous pressure increased lung weight due to vascular distension; Vt measurements detected less than half of this increase, implying that certain portions of the intravascular blood volume are not measured by this technique.

Analysis of rebreathing measurements of pulmonary tissue volume in pulmonary edema

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Friedman ◽  
S. H. Kaufman ◽  
S. A. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Tissue Volume ◽  
Acid Injection ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue Volume ◽  
Rebreathing Method

A rebreathing method (usood volume (VTPC) was evaluated in 13 dogs. In seven, pulmonary edema was induced by oleic acid injection. Six dogs served as controls. Values of VTPC calculated by three algorithms were compared to postmortem lung water. The first algorithm uses the C18O intercept to determine time 0 and all data to construct the alveolar disappearance curves. The second uses the beginning of inspiration as time 0. The last uses data only during the last third of expiration. The best correlation (r = 0.90) between VTPC and total lung water was obtained utilizing the first algorithm. In the control animals, mean VTPC was 188 ml, and in the edema dogs was 278 ml. Mean VTPC for all dogs was 96 +/- 14% of total lung water using the first algorithm. Another algorithm (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 44: 782-795, 1978) was evaluated inthe edema dog group. This method gave values of VTPC 53% higher than those obtained by the first algorithm.

Regional measurements of pulmonary edema by using magnetic resonance imaging

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 2143-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Caruthers ◽  
C. B. Paschal ◽  
N. A. Pou ◽  
R. J. Roselli ◽  
T. R. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Extravascular Lung Water ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Indicator Dilution ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Lung Water

A three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method to measure pulmonary edema and lung microvascular barrier permeability was developed and compared with conventional methods in nine mongrel dogs. MRIs were obtained covering the entire lungs. Injury was induced by injection of oleic acid (0.021–0.048 ml/kg) into a jugular catheter. Imaging followed for 0.75–2 h. Extravascular lung water and permeability-related parameters were measured from multiple-indicator dilution curves. Edema was measured as magnetic resonance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Postinjury wet-to-dry lung weight ratio was 5.30 ± 0.38 ( n = 9). Extravascular lung water increased from 2.03 ± 1.11 to 3.00 ± 1.45 ml/g ( n = 9, P < 0.01). Indicator dilution studies yielded parameters characterizing capillary exchange of urea and butanediol: the product of the square root of equivalent diffusivity of escape from the capillary and capillary surface area ( D 1/2 S) and the capillary permeability-surface area product ( PS). The ratio of D 1/2 Sfor urea to D 1/2 Sfor butanediol increased from 0.583 ± 0.027 to 0.852 ± 0.154 ( n = 9, P < 0.05). Whole lung SNR at baseline, before injury, correlated with D 1/2 Sand PS ratios (both P < 0.02). By using rate of SNR change, the mismatch of transcapillary filtration flow and lymph clearance was estimated to be 0.2–1.8 ml/min. The filtration coefficient was estimated from these values. Results indicate that pulmonary edema formation during oleic acid injury can be imaged regionally and quantified globally, and the results suggest possible regional quantification by using three-dimensional MRI.

Accurate reference measurement for postmortem lung water

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Julien ◽  
M. R. Flick ◽  
J. M. Hoeffel ◽  
J. F. Murray
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Extravascular Lung Water ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Hydroxyproline Content ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Lung Weight ◽  
Residual Blood ◽  
Normal Lungs

To test the hypothesis that dry blood-free lung weight is increased during pulmonary edema, thereby leading to an underestimation of the ratio of extravascular lung water-to-dry lung weight, we measured postmortem lung water, dry mass, and hydroxyproline content in 33 sheep with normal lungs (n = 10), high-pressure edema (n = 9), or increased permeability edema (n = 14). Residual blood in the lung, measured using hemoglobin as the intravascular marker in all sheep, and also using 51Cr-tagged red blood cells in 24 sheep, was not different between the two methods or among the three groups of sheep. Extravascular lung water increased 64% in sheep with high-pressure edema and 82% in those with increased permeability edema compared with control values. Dry blood-free lung weight was significantly greater (33% more than control values) in sheep with increased permeability edema, causing the ratio of extravascular lung water-to-dry blood-free lung weight to underestimate accumulated lung water by about 50%. Because hydroxyproline content of the lung was not affected by edema, the ratio of extravascular lung water-to-lung hydroxyproline content was more accurate than the ratio of extravascular lung water-to-dry blood-free lung weight in the quantification of pulmonary edema.

scholarly journals Ventilation inhomogeneity in oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1040-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Y. C. Tsang ◽  
Michael J. Emery ◽  
Michael P. Hlastala
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Peripheral Airways ◽  
Ventilation Inhomogeneity ◽  
Distal Airway ◽  
Tissue Compliance ◽  
Permeability Pulmonary Edema ◽  
The Right

Tsang, John Y. C., Michael J. Emery, and Michael P. Hlastala. Ventilation inhomogeneity in oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema. J. Appl. Physiol.82(4): 1040–1045, 1997.—Oleic acid causes permeability pulmonary edema in the lung, resulting in impairment of gas-exchange and ventilation-perfusion heterogeneity and mismatch. Previous studies have shown that by using the multiple-breath helium washout (MBHW) technique, ventilation inhomogeneity (VI) can be quantitatively partitioned into two components, i.e., convective-dependent inhomogeneity (cdi) and diffusive-convective-dependent inhomogeneity (dcdi). Changes in VI, as represented by the normalized slope of the phase III alveolar plateau, were studied for 120 min in five anesthetized mongrel dogs that were ventilated under paralysis by a constant-flow linear motor ventilator. These animals received oleic acid (0.1 mg/kg) infusion into the right atrium at t = 0. MBHWs were done in duplicate for 18 breaths every 40 min afterward. Three other dogs that received only normal saline served as controls. The data show that, after oleic acid infusion, dcdi, which represents VI in peripheral airways, is responsible for the increasing total VI as lung water accumulates progressively over time. The cdi, which represents VI between larger conductive airways, remains relatively constant throughout. This observation can be explained by increases in the heterogeneity of tissue compliance in the periphery, distal airway closure, or by decreases in ventilation through collateral channels.

Use of norepinephrine uptake to measure lung capillary recruitment with exercise

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 700-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dupuis ◽  
C. A. Goresky ◽  
C. Juneau ◽  
A. Calderone ◽  
J. L. Rouleau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Extravascular Lung Water ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Lung Weight ◽  
Capillary Recruitment ◽  
Multiple Indicator Dilution ◽  
Vascular Space ◽  
Permeability Surface ◽  
Area Product

We used the multiple indicator-dilution technique with norepinephrine, a vascular endothelium surface marker, to study the pulmonary vascular changes in awake exercising dogs. The vascular space tracers, labeled erythrocytes and albumin, and a water space tracer, 1,8-octanediol, were injected with the norepinephrine, and right atrium-aortic root dilution curves were obtained in nine dogs, at rest and at two increasing levels of exercise. Extravascular lung water multiple tracer dilutional estimates increased with flow and rapidly approached a maximal asymptotic value representing 75% of the postmortem lung weight. The ratio of the extravascular lung water measured in this way to that measured gravimetrically also increased, to reach an asymptotic proportion of close to 100%. The transit time-defined central vascular space increased linearly with flow; the ratio of lung tissue space to lung vascular space, therefore, decreased with increasing flow. The mean tracer upslope norepinephrine extractions at rest and at the two levels of exercise were 17 +/- 1.2, 14 +/- 0.8, and 15 +/- 0.8% (SE). With the use of the Crone approximation, we computed permeability-surface area products for norepinephrine; these increased linearly with flow. If permeability does not change, the increase in the permeability-surface area product with flow can be attributed to capillary recruitment. We conclude that when all lung tissue has become accessible to 1,8-octanediol delivered via the perfused vascular space, there is nevertheless further recruitment, with increase in flow, of vascular surface that can extract norepinephrine.

Effects of furosemide versus isolated ultrafiltration on extravascular lung water in oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD D. SIVAK ◽  
JAMES TITA ◽  
GLENN MEDEN ◽  
MASAAKI ISHIGAMI ◽  
JOHN GRAVES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Extravascular Lung Water ◽  
Lung Water

Clearance of liquid from lungs of newborn rabbits

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Bland ◽  
D. D. McMillan ◽  
M. A. Bressack ◽  
L. Dong
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Extravascular Lung Water ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Vessels ◽  
Cuff Size

Apparent inconsistencies in the results of previous studies led us to reexamine the process by which fluid leaves the lungs of newborn rabbits after birth. We measured pulmonary blood volume, extravascular lung water, and the size of perivascular cuffs of fluid in frozen sections of lung obtained from 166 full-term rabbits (31 days gestation) born vaginally or by cesarean section. We killed the rabbits by giving them barbiturate intraperitoneally and immersing them in liquid nitrogen before they breathed or at randomly predetermined intervals from 5 min to 24 h after birth. We found that a) pulmonary blood volume of both groups of rabbits increased soon after birth, b) extravascular lung water per gram of dry lung tissue was greater at birth in rabbits born by cesarean section than in those born vaginally, c) extravascular lung water did not begin to decrease in either group of animals until 30-60 min postnatally, after which it decreased progressively for 24 h, and d) the rate of fluid clearance and pattern of puddling around pulmonary vessels was similar in both groups of rabbits, with maximal perivascular cuffs 30 min after birth, followed by diminution of cuff size as the lungs shed water.

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