Inhomogeneity of pulmonary ventilation during sustained microgravity as determined by single-breath washouts

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1719-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Guy ◽  
G. K. Prisk ◽  
A. R. Elliott ◽  
R. A. Deutschman ◽  
J. B. West
Keyword(s):  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Cardiogenic Oscillations ◽  
Expiratory Flow Rates ◽  
Phase Iv

Gravity is known to cause inhomogeneity of ventilation. Nongravitational factors are also recognized, but their relative contribution is not understood. We therefore studied ventilatory inhomogeneity during sustained microgravity during the 9-day flight of Spacelab SLS-1. All seven crew members performed single-breath nitrogen washouts. They inspired a vital capacity breath of 100% oxygen with a bolus of argon at the start of inspiration, and the inspiratory and expiratory flow rates were controlled at 0.5 l/s. Control measurements in normal gravity (1 G) were made pre- and postflight in the standing and supine position. Compared with the standing 1-G measurements, there was a marked decrease in ventilatory inhomogeneity during microgravity, as evidenced by the significant reductions in cardiogenic oscillations, slope of phase III, and height of phase IV for nitrogen and argon. However, argon phase IV volume was not reduced, and considerable ventilatory inhomogeneity remained. For example, the heights of the cardiogenic oscillations during microgravity for nitrogen and argon were 44 and 24%, respectively, of their values at 1 G, whereas the slopes of phase III for nitrogen and argon were 78 and 29%, respectively, of those at 1 G. The presence of a phase IV in microgravity is strong evidence that airway closure still occurs in the absence of gravity. The results were qualitatively similar to those found previously during short periods of 0 G in parabolic flight.

Ventilation-perfusion matching in long-term microgravity

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 2407-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Verbandt ◽  
M. Wantier ◽  
G. K. Prisk ◽  
M. Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Phase Condition ◽  
Cardiogenic Oscillations ◽  
Ventilation And Perfusion

We studied the ventilation-perfusion matching pattern in normal gravity (1 G) and short- and long-duration microgravity (μG) using the cardiogenic oscillations in the sulfur hexaflouride (SF6) and CO2 concentration signals during the phase III portion of vital capacity single-breath washout experiments. The signal power of the cardiogenic concentration variations was assessed by spectral analysis, and the phase angle between the oscillations of the two simultaneously expired gases was obtained through cross-correlation. For CO2, a significant reduction of cardiogenic power was observed in μG, with respect to 1 G, but the reduction was smaller and more variable in the case of SF6. A shift from an in-phase condition in 1 G to an out-of-phase condition was found for both short- and long-duration μG. We conclude that, although the distribution of ventilation and perfusion becomes more homogeneous in μG, significant inhomogeneities persist and that areas of high perfusion become associated with areas of relatively lower ventilation. In addition, these modifications seem to remain constant during long-term exposure to μG.

Single-breath washouts in a rotating stretcher

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1415-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Rodríguez-Nieto ◽  
G. Peces-Barba ◽  
N. González Mangado ◽  
S. Verbanck ◽  
M. Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Supine Posture ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Slope Difference ◽  
Phase Iii Slope ◽  
Prone Posture ◽  
Phase Iv

Vital capacity single-breath washouts using 90% O2-5% He-5% SF6 as a test gas mixture were performed with subjects sitting on a stool (upright) or recumbent on a stretcher (prone, supine, lateral left, lateral right, with or without rotation at end of inhalation). On the basis of the combinations of supine and prone maneuvers, gravity-dependent contributions to N2 phase III slope and N2 phase IV height in the supine posture were estimated at 18% and 68%, respectively. Whereas both He and SF6 slope decreased from supine to prone, the SF6-He slope difference actually increased ( P = 0.015). N2 phase III slopes, phase IV heights, and cardiogenic oscillations were smallest in the prone posture, and we observed similarities between the modifications of He and SF6 slopes from upright to prone and from upright to short-term microgravity. These results suggest that phase III slope is partially due to emptying patterns of small units with different ventilation-to-volume ratios, corresponding to acini or groups of acini. Of all body postures under study, the prone position most reduces the inhomogeneities of ventilation during a vital capacity maneuver at both inter- and intraregional levels.

Helium and sulfur hexafluoride bolus washin in short-term microgravity

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1594-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Dutrieue ◽  
Anne-Marie Lauzon ◽  
Sylvia Verbanck ◽  
Ann R. Elliott ◽  
John B. West ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Slope Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Phase Iii Slope

We performed single-breath washout (SBW) tests in which He and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) were inspired throughout the vital capacity inspirations or were inhaled as discrete boluses at different points in the inspiration. Tests were performed in normal gravity (1 G) and in up to 27 s of microgravity (μG) during parabolic flight. The phase III slope of the SBW could be accurately reconstructed from individual bolus tests when allowance for airways closure was made. Bolus tests showed that most of the SBW phase III slope results from events during inspiration at lung volumes below closing capacity and near total lung capacity, as does the SF6-He phase III slope difference. Similarly, the difference between 1 G and μG in phase III slopes for both gases was entirely accounted for by gravity-dependent events at high and low lung volumes. Phase IV height was always larger for SF6 than for He, suggesting at least some airway closure in close proximity to airways that remain open at residual volume. These results help explain previous studies in μG, which show large changes in gas mixing in vital capacity maneuvers but only small effects in tidal volume breaths.

Mode shift of an inhaled aerosol bolus is correlated with flow sequencing in the human lung

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1232-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N. Mills ◽  
Chantal Darquenne ◽  
G. Kim Prisk
Keyword(s):  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Nitrogen Washout ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Posture Change ◽  
Supine Posture ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Phase Iii Slope

We studied the effects on aerosol bolus inhalations of small changes in convective inhomogeneity induced by posture change from upright to supine in nine normal subjects. Vital capacity single-breath nitrogen washout tests were used to determine ventilatory inhomogeneity change between postures. Relative to upright, supine phase III slope was increased 33 ± 11% (mean ± SE, P < 0.05) and phase IV height increased 25 ± 11% ( P < 0.05), consistent with an increase in convective inhomogeneity likely due to increases in flow sequencing. Subjects also performed 0.5-μm-particle bolus inhalations to penetration volumes (Vp) between 150 and 1,200 ml during a standardized inhalation from residual volume to 1 liter above upright functional residual capacity. Mode shift (MS) in supine posture was more mouthward than upright at all Vp, changing by 11.6 ml at Vp = 150 ml ( P < 0.05) and 38.4 ml at Vp = 1,200 ml ( P < 0.05). MS and phase III slope changes correlated positively at deeper Vp. Deposition did not change at any Vp, suggesting that deposition did not cause the MS change. We propose that the MS change results from increased sequencing in supine vs. upright posture.

Distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion during short periods of weightlessness

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Michels ◽  
J. B. West
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Zero Gravity ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Aircraft Flight ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Cardiogenic Oscillations ◽  
Flight Profile ◽  
Initial Bolus ◽  
Ventilation And Perfusion

Information on the distributions of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion was obtained from four subjects on board a Learjet during 112 weightless periods lasting up to 27 s each. Zero gravity (G) was obtained during all or part of each test by varying the aircraft flight profile. Single-breath N2 washouts were performed with the test inspiration containing an initial bolus of argon at residual volume (RV). When the test inspiration was at 0 G, and the washout at 0 G or greater, the terminal rises and the cardiogenic oscillations in both N2 and argon were small and often absent. If instead the test inspiration was at 1 G with the washout at 0 G, the terminal rises were again small or absent but the cardiogenic oscillations remained. The terminal rise and the cardiogenic oscillations for N2, but not argon, were also nearly eliminated by performing just the preliminary exhalation to RV at 0 G with the test inspiration and washout following at 1 G. Aleveolar plateaus for N2 sloped upward at 0 G apparently due to nontopographical inequalities of ventilation. In further tests during air breathing, recordings were made of expired partial pressure of oxygen PO2) and carbon dioxide (POO2) following a brief hyperventilation and a 15-s breath hold. These recordings revealed marked cardiogenic oscillations in PO2 and PCO2 at 1 G that were enhanced at 2 G but almost eliminated at 0 G. The results suggest that virtually all the topographical inequality of ventilation, blood flow, and lung volume seen under 1-G conditions are abolished during short periods of 0 G.

Cardiogenic oscillation phase relationships during single-breath tests performed in microgravity

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 661-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Lauzon ◽  
Ann R. Elliott ◽  
Manuel Paiva ◽  
John B. West ◽  
G. Kim Prisk
Keyword(s):  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
Oscillation Phase ◽  
Breath Tests ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Cardiogenic Oscillations ◽  
Cardiogenic Oscillation ◽  
Phase Relationships

Lauzon, Anne-Marie, Ann R. Elliott, Manuel Paiva, John B. West, and G. Kim Prisk. Cardiogenic oscillation phase relationships during single-breath tests performed in microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 661–668, 1998.—We studied the phase relationships of the cardiogenic oscillations in the phase III portion of single-breath washouts (SBW) in normal gravity (1 G) and in sustained microgravity (μG). The SBW consisted of a vital capacity inspiration of 5% He-1.25% sulfurhexafluoride-balance O2, preceded at residual volume by a 150-ml Ar bolus. Pairs of gas signals, all of which still showed cardiogenic oscillations, were cross-correlated, and their phase difference was expressed as an angle. Phase relationships between inspired gases (e.g., He) and resident gas (N2) showed no change from 1 G (211 ± 9°) to μG (163 ± 7°). Ar bolus and He were unaltered between 1 G (173 ± 15°) and μG (211 ± 25°), showing that airway closure in μG remains in regions of high specific ventilation and suggesting that airway closure results from lung regions reaching low regional volume near residual volume. In contrast, CO2 reversed phase with He between 1 G (332 ± 6°) and μG (263 ± 27°), strongly suggesting that, in μG, areas of high ventilation are associated with high ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙a/Q˙). This widening of the range ofV˙a/Q˙in μG may explain previous measurements (G. K. Prisk, A. R. Elliott, H. J. B. Guy, J. M. Kosonen, and J. B. West. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 1290–1298, 1995) of an overall unaltered range ofV˙a/Q˙in μG, despite more homogeneous distributions of both ventilation and perfusion.

Gravitational independence of single-breath washout tests in recumbent dogs

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 642-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tomioka ◽  
S. Kubo ◽  
H. J. Guy ◽  
G. K. Prisk
Keyword(s):  
Prone Position ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Transpulmonary Pressure ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Closing Volume ◽  
Body Rotation ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
Pressure Volume Curve ◽  
Phase Iv

To examine the mechanisms of lung filling and emptying, Ar-bolus and N2 single-breath washout tests were conducted in 10 anesthetized dogs (prone and supine) and in three of those dogs with body rotation. Transpulmonary pressure was measured simultaneously, allowing identification of the lung volume above residual volume at which there was an inflection point in the pressure-volume curve (VIP). Although phase IV for Ar was upward, phase IV for N2 was small and variable, especially in the prone position. No significant prone to supine differences in closing capacity for Ar were seen, indicating that airway closure was generated at the same lung volumes. The maximum deflections of phase IV for Ar and N2 from extrapolated phase III slopes were smaller in the prone position, suggesting more uniform tracer gas concentrations across the lungs. VIP was smaller than the closing volume for Ar, which is consistent with the effects of well-developed collateral ventilation in dogs. Body rotation tests in three dogs did not generally cause an inversion of phase III or IV. We conclude that in recumbent dogs regional distribution of ventilation is not primarily determined by the effect of gravity, but by lung, thorax, and mediastinum interactions and/or differences in regional mechanical properties of the lungs.

Regional distribution of ventilation at residual volume in induced bronchospasm

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-366
Author(s):  
L. Delaunois ◽  
R. Boileau ◽  
J. Diodatti ◽  
J. Gauthier ◽  
R. R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Airway Opening ◽  
Collateral Pathways ◽  
Total Lung Resistance ◽  
Downward Slope ◽  
Phase Iv

The regional distribution of a bolus of gas inhaled at residual volume (RV) is attributed to regional airway closure and is responsible for the phase IV of the single-breath washout during the following deflation. As bronchospasm increases the range of airway opening pressures through the lung, the regional distribution of the bolus could change with effects on the shape of the single-breath washout. We investigated the regional distribution of boluses inhaled at RV and their single-breath washouts during methacholine-induced bronchospasm in prone dogs. With increasing total lung resistance (RL) we first observed in five out of eight animals a preferential “redistribution” of the bolus to the upper caudal regions of the lung, which could be partially attributed to the increased lung volume at RV. When maximal RL was attained, the bolus was evenly distributed through all regions of the lung in these animals with disappearance of phase IV and increased slope of phase III, and a final decrease of tracer concentration at low lung volumes was observed. We conclude from these data that increased bronchomotor tone in dogs results in a less homogeneous intraregional distribution of the bolus with increased slope of phase III and in a more even interregional distribution leading to disappearance of phase IV. In severe bronchospasm the downward slope at low lung volume suggests intraregional closed lung units emptying through collateral pathways into still open neighboring units.

Single-breath nitrogen test in excised human lungs

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1568-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Berend ◽  
C. Skoog ◽  
W. M. Thurlbeck
Keyword(s):  
Transpulmonary Pressure ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Peripheral Airways ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Peripheral Airway ◽  
Normal Lungs ◽  
Airway Dimensions ◽  
Phase Iv

Pressure-volume curves and simulated single-breath nitrogen tests were performed on 32 excised left human lungs and the slope of phase III, and phase IV plus minimal volume, expressed as percent of the lung volume at a transpulmonary pressure of 30 cmH2O (closing capacity), was calculated. The lungs were graded as to the degree of emphysema and degree of peripheral airways disease. Peripheral airway dimensions were also measured. The closing capacity expressed as percent predicted in vivo was significantly correlated with the total pathological scores (P less than 0.01) and inflammation scores (P less than 0.01) as well as the transpulmonary pressures at the onset of phase IV (P less than 0.01). Correlations with the emphysema grade were not significant. The slopes of phase III were highly variable even among normal lungs and could not be shown to correlate with airways disease or emphysema.

Effect of 60° head-down tilt on peripheral gas mixing in the human lung

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Mark Olfert ◽  
G. Kim Prisk
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Multiple Breath Washout ◽  
Conductive Component ◽  
Slope Difference ◽  
Lung Periphery ◽  
Phase Iii Slope

The phase III slope of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in a single-breath washout (SBW) is greater than that of helium (He) under normal gravity (i.e., 1G), thus resulting in a positive SF6-He slope difference. In microgravity (μG), SF6-He slope difference is smaller because of a greater fall in the phase III slope of SF6 than He. We sought to determine whether increasing thoracic fluid volume using 60° head-down tilt (HDT) in 1G would produce a similar effect to μG on phase III slopes of SF6 and He. Single-breath vital capacity (SBW) and multiple-breath washout (MBW) tests were performed before, during, and 60 min after 1 h of HDT. Compared with baseline (SF6 1.050 ± 0.182%/l, He 0.670 ± 0.172%/l), the SBW phase III slopes for both SF6 and He tended to decrease during HDT, reaching nadir at 30 min (SF6 0.609 ± 0.211%/l, He 0.248 ± 0.138%/l; P = 0.08 and P = 0.06, respectively). In contrast to μG, the magnitude of the phase III slope decrease was similar for both SF6 and He; therefore, no change in SF6-He slope difference was observed. MBW analysis revealed a decrease in normalized phase III slopes at all time points during HDT, for both SF6 ( P < 0.01) and He ( P < 0.01). This decrease was due to changes in the acinar, and not the conductive, component of the normalized phase III slope. These findings support the notion that changes in thoracic fluid volume alter ventilation distribution in the lung periphery but also demonstrate that the effect during HDT does not wholly mimic that observed in μG.

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