Inferior pharyngeal constrictor electromyographic activity during permeability pulmonary edema in lambs

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1598-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Diaz ◽  
Irenej Kianicka ◽  
Patrick Letourneau ◽  
Jean-Paul Praud ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
Constrictor Muscle ◽  
Glottic Closure ◽  
Permeability Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Diaz, Véronique, Irenej Kianicka, Patrick Letourneau, and Jean-Paul Praud. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor electromyographic activity during permeability pulmonary edema in lambs. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(4): 1598–1604, 1996.—Newborn mammals exhibit an active expiratory upper airway closure during the first hours of extrauterine life. We have recently shown that permeability pulmonary edema led to active expiratory glottic closure in awake newborn lambs while hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction 8%; 15 min) did not. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that expiratory glottic closure was accompanied by an increase in pharyngeal constrictor muscle expiratory electromyographic (EMG) activity. We studied seven awake nonsedated lambs aged 8–20 days. Airflow (facial mask + pneumotachograph), blood gases (arterial catheter), and EMG activity of both the thyroarytenoid muscle (a glottic adductor) and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle were recorded before and after intravenous injection of halothane (0.05 ml/kg) to induce a permeability pulmonary edema. A central apnea (duration 15 s to 5 min) with continuous thyroarytenoid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor activity was observed within seconds after halothane injection. One lamb died despite rescuing maneuvers. An expiratory phasic thyroarytenoid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity with simultaneous zero airflow gradually took place and, by 30 min after halothane injection, was present at each expiration in the six remaining lambs. Expiratory glottic and pharyngeal constrictor muscle EMG activity was subsequently present during the whole study period (1.5–5 h), even after correction of the initial hypoxia. Permeability lung edema was present at postmortem examination in all seven lambs. We conclude that a permeability pulmonary edema induced by intravenous halothane in nonsedated lambs enhances both glottic and pharyngeal constrictor muscle expiratory EMG. We hypothesize that expiratory contraction of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle could participate in the active expiratory upper airway closure; this, in turn, might improve alveolocapillary gas exchange by increasing the end-expiratory lung volume.

Vagal afferents and active upper airway closure during pulmonary edema in lambs

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1561-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Diaz ◽  
Dominique Dorion ◽  
Irenej Kianicka ◽  
Patrick Létourneau ◽  
Jean-Paul Praud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
High Permeability ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Permeability Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Insight Into

The present study was undertaken to gain further insight into the mechanisms responsible for the sustained active expiratory upper airway closure previously observed during high-permeability pulmonary edema in lambs. The experiments were conducted in nonsedated lambs, in which airflow and thyroarytenoid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle electromyographic activity were recorded. We first studied the consequences of hemodynamic pulmonary edema (induced by impeding pulmonary venous return) on upper airway dynamics in five lambs; under this condition, a sustained expiratory upper airway closure consistently appeared. We then tested whether expiratory upper airway closure was related to vagal afferent activity from bronchopulmonary receptors. Five bivagotomized lambs underwent high-permeability pulmonary edema: no sustained expiratory upper airway closure was observed. Finally, we studied whether a sustained decrease in lung volume induced a sustained expiratory upper airway closure. Five lambs underwent a 250-ml pleural infusion: no sustained expiratory upper airway closure was observed. We conclude that 1) the sustained expiratory upper airway closure observed during pulmonary edema in nonsedated lambs is related to stimulation of vagal afferents by an increase in lung water and 2) a decrease in lung volume does not seem to be the causal factor.

scholarly journals Effects of capsaicin pretreatment on expiratory laryngeal closure during pulmonary edema in lambs

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1570-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Diaz ◽  
Dominique Dorion ◽  
Sylvain Renolleau ◽  
Patrick Létourneau ◽  
Irenej Kianicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Bolus Intravenous Injection ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Permeability Pulmonary Edema ◽  
First Time

The present study, performed in nonsedated, conscious lambs, consisted of two parts. In the first part, we 1) examined for the first time whether a respiratory response to pulmonary C-fiber stimulation could be elicited in nonsedated newborns and 2) determined whether this response could be abolished by capsaicin pretreatment. Then, by using capsaicin-desensitized lambs, we studied whether pulmonary C fibers were involved in the sustained, active expiratory upper airway closure previously observed during pulmonary edema. Airflow and thyroarytenoid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle electromyographic activities were recorded. In the first set of experiments, a 5–10 μg/kg capsaicin bolus intravenous injection in seven intact lambs consistently led to a typical pulmonary chemoreflex, showing that C fibers are functionally mature in newborn lambs. In the second series of experiments, eight lambs pretreated with 25–50 mg/kg subcutaneous capsaicin did not exhibit any respiratory response to 10–50 μg/kg intravenous capsaicin injection, implicating C fibers in the response. Finally, in the above capsaicin-desensitized lambs, we observed that halothane-induced high-permeability pulmonary edema did not cause the typical response of sustained expiratory upper airway closure seen in the intact lamb. We conclude that functionally mature C fibers are present and responsible for a pulmonary chemoreflex in response to capsaicin intravenous injection in nonsedated lambs. Capsaicin pretreatment abolishes this reflex. Furthermore, the sustained expiratory upper airway closure observed during halothane-induced pulmonary edema in intact nonsedated lambs appears to be related to a reflex involving stimulation of pulmonary C fibers.

Respiratory-related pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity in decerebrate cats

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 1588-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel T. Kuna ◽  
Christi R. Vanoye
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Constrictor Muscle ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Kuna, Samuel T., and Christi R. Vanoye.Respiratory-related pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity in decerebrate cats. J. Appl. Physiol.83(5): 1588–1594, 1997.—Respiratory-related activity of the hyopharyngeus (middle pharyngeal constrictor) and thyropharyngeus (inferior pharyngeal constrictor) muscles was determined in decerebrate, tracheotomized adult cats and compared with the electromyographic activity of the thyroarytenoid, a vocal cord adductor. During quiet breathing, the hyopharyngeus and usually the thyroarytenoid exhibited phasic activity during expiration and tonic activity throughout the respiratory cycle. Respiratory-related thyropharyngeus activity was absent under these conditions. Progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia and progressive isocapnic hypoxia increased phasic expiratory activity in both pharyngeal constrictor (PC) muscles but tended to suppress thyroarytenoid activity. Passively induced hypocapnia and the central apnea that followed the cessation of the mechanical hyperventilation were associated with tonic activation of the hyopharyngeus and thyroarytenoid but no recruitment in thyropharyngeus activity. The expiratory phase of a sigh and progressive pneumothorax were associated with an increase in phasic thyroarytenoid activity but no change in phasic PC activity. The results indicate that a variety of stimuli modulate respiratory-related PC activity, suggesting that the PC muscles may have a role in the regulation of upper airway patency during respiration.

Active upper airway closure during induced central apneas in lambs is complete at the laryngeal level only

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Hugues Fortier ◽  
Philippe Reix ◽  
Julie Arsenault ◽  
Dominique Dorion ◽  
Jean-Paul Praud
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
Internal Branch ◽  
Laryngeal Nerves ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Subglottal Pressure ◽  
Central Apneas ◽  
Afferent Innervation ◽  
Stimulation Of

We tested the hypotheses that active upper airway closure during induced central apneas in nonsedated lambs 1) is complete and occurs at the laryngeal level and 2) is not due to stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN). Five newborn lambs were surgically instrumented to record thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle (glottal constrictor) electromyographic (EMG) activity with supra- and subglottal pressures. Hypocapnic and nonhypocapnic central apneas were induced before and after SLN sectioning in the five lambs. A total of 174 apneas were induced, 116 before and 58 after sectioning of the internal branch of the SLN (iSLN). Continuous TA EMG activity was observed in 88% of apneas before iSLN section and in 87% of apneas after iSLN section. A transglottal pressure different from zero was observed in all apneas with TA EMG activity, with a mean subglottal pressure of 4.3 ± 0.8 cmH2O before and 4.7 ± 0.7 cmH2O after iSLN section. Supraglottal pressure was consistently atmospheric. Sectioning of both iSLNs had no effects on the results. We conclude that upper airway closure during induced central apneas in lambs is active, complete, and occurs at the glottal level only. Consequently, a positive subglottal pressure is maintained throughout the apnea. Finally, this complete active glottal closure is independent from laryngeal afferent innervation.

Control of segmental upper airway resistance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2694-2703 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wasicko ◽  
J. S. Erlichman ◽  
J. C. Leiter
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Resistive Load ◽  
Airway Collapse ◽  
Upper Airway Collapse ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

We sought to determine if the upper airway response to an added inspiratory resistive load (IRL) during wakefulness could be used to predict the site of upper airway collapse in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In 10 awake patients with OSA, we investigated the relationship between resistance in three segments of the upper airway (nasal, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal) and three muscles known to influence these segments (alae nasi, tensor veli palatini, and genioglossus) while the patient breathed with or without a small IRL (2 cmH2O.l–1.s). During IRL, patients with OSA exhibited increased nasopharyngeal resistance and no significant increase in either the genioglossus or tensor veli palatini activities. Neither nasal resistance nor alae nasi EMG activity was affected by IRL. We contrasted this to the response of five normal subjects, in whom we found no change in the resistance of either segment of the airway and no change in the genioglossus EMG but a significant activation of the tensor palatini. In six patients with OSA, we used the waking data to predict the site of upper airway collapse during sleep and we had limited success. The most successful index (correct in 4 of 6 patients) incorporated the greatest relative change in segmental resistance during IRL at the lowest electromyographic activity. We conclude, in patients with OSA, IRL narrows the more collapsible segment of the upper airway, in part due to inadequate activation of upper airway muscles. However, it is difficult to predict the site of upper airway collapse based on the waking measurements where upper airway muscle activity masks the passive airway characteristics.

Alae nasi electromyographic activity and timing in obstructive sleep apnea

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1252-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Suratt ◽  
R. McTier ◽  
S. C. Wilhoit
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Dilator Muscle ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

The alae nasi is an accessible dilator muscle of the upper airway located in the nose. We measured electromyograms (EMG) of the alae nasi to determine the relationship between their activity and timing to contraction of the rib cage muscles and diaphragm during obstructive apnea in nine patients. Alae nasi EMG were measured with surface electrodes and processed to obtain a moving time average. Contraction of the rib cage and diaphragm during apneas was detected with esophageal pressure. During non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, there was a significant correlation in each patient between alae nasi EMG activity and the change in esophageal pressure. During rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, correlations were significantly lower than during NREM sleep. As the duration of each apnea increased, the activation of alae nasi EMG occurred progressively earlier than the change in esophageal pressure. We conclude that during obstructive apneas in NREM sleep, activity of the alae nasi increases when diaphragm and rib cage muscle force increases and the activation occurs earlier as each apneic episode progresses.

Breathing route influences upper airway muscle activity in awake normal adults

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1766-1771 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Basner ◽  
P. M. Simon ◽  
R. M. Schwartzstein ◽  
S. E. Weinberger ◽  
J. W. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Mouth Breathing ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Bipolar Electrodes ◽  
Inspiratory Resistance ◽  
Topical Nasal Anesthesia

Both nasal obstruction and nasal anesthesia result in disordered breathing during sleep in humans, and bypassing the nasal route during tidal breathing in experimental animals produces decreased electromyographic activity of upper airway (UA) dilating muscles. To investigate UA responses to breathing route in normal awake humans, we studied eight healthy males (ages 21–38 yr) during successive trials of voluntary nose breathing (N), voluntary mouth breathing (M), and mouth breathing with nose occluded (MO). We measured genioglossus electromyographic activity (EMGgg) with perorally inserted bipolar electrodes, alae nasi (EMGan) and diaphragm EMG activity (EMGdi) with surface electrodes, and minute ventilation (VE) with a pneumotachograph. Mean phasic inspiratory EMG activity of both UA muscles was significantly greater during N than during M or MO, even when a 2.5-cmH2O.l-1.s inspiratory resistance was added to MO (P less than 0.01). In contrast, neither EMGdi nor VE was consistently affected by breathing route. EMGgg during N was significantly decreased after selective topical nasal anesthesia (P less than 0.002); a decrease in EMGan did not achieve statistical significance. These data suggest that peak UA dilating muscle activity may be modulated by superficial receptors in the nasal mucosa sensitive to airflow.

scholarly journals Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) deficiency attenuates LPS-induced lung injury

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (3) ◽  
pp. L430-L440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Gowda ◽  
Calvin Yeang ◽  
Sunil Wadgaonkar ◽  
Fatima Anjum ◽  
Natalia Grinkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
Wild Type Littermate ◽  
Littermate Control ◽  
Sphingomyelin Synthase ◽  
Membrane Microdomain ◽  
Permeability Pulmonary Edema

Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) catalyzes the synthesis of sphingomyelin (SM) and is required for maintenance of plasma membrane microdomain fluidity. Of the two isoforms of mammalian SMS, SMS1 is mostly present in the trans-Golgi apparatus, whereas SMS2 is predominantly found at the plasma membrane. SMS2 has a role in receptor mediated response to inflammation in macrophages, however, the role of SMS2 in vascular permeability, pulmonary edema, and lung injury have not been investigated. To define the role of SMS activation in lung injury, we utilized a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung edema model. SMS activity was measured and correlated with the severity of lung injury. Within 4 h of LPS treatment, SMS activity was increased significantly and remained upregulated up to 24 h. Comparison of LPS-induced lung injury in SMS2 knockout (SMS2−/−) and wild-type littermate control mice showed that inflammation, cytokine induction, and lung injury were significantly inhibited in SMS2−/− mice. Our results suggest that a deficiency of SMS2 can diminish the extent of pulmonary edema and lung injury. Furthermore, we show that depletion of SMS2 was sufficient to decrease MAP kinase-JNK activation, severity of LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil influx, and inflammation, suggesting a novel role of SMS2 activation in lung injury.

scholarly journals Upper airway pressure-flow relationships and pharyngeal constrictor EMG activity during prolonged expiration in awake goats

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
K. D. O'Halloran ◽  
G. E. Bisgard
Keyword(s):  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Systemic Administration ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Airway Occlusion ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Tracheal Pressure

We undertook the present investigation to establish whether narrowing/closure of the upper airway occurs during spontaneous and provoked respiratory rhythm disturbances and whether pharyngeal constrictor muscle recruitment occurs coincident with upper airway occlusion during prolonged expiratory periods. Upper airway pressure-flow relationships and middle pharyngeal constrictor (mPC) EMG activities were recorded in 11 adult female goats during spontaneous and provoked prolongations in expiratory time (Te). A total of 213 spontaneous prolongations of expiration were recorded. Additionally, 169 prolonged expiratory events preceded by an augmented breath were included in the analyses. In separate trials on different days, Te was prolonged by systemic administration of dopamine, by raising the inspired fraction of O2 from 0.10 to 1.00 during poikilocapnic conditions or by systemic administration of clonidine. Continuous tonic activation of the mPC EMG was observed during each prolonged Te period regardless of the duration or initiating cause. However, significant increases in subglottic tracheal pressure, with expiratory airflow braking indicative of upper airway narrowing or closure, was only observed during spontaneous events without a preceding augmented breath and during clonidine-induced events. Tonic mPC activation proved an unreliable indicator of airway occlusion. Furthermore, mPC muscle activation alone is not sufficient to induce pharyngeal occlusion during prolonged expiration. Our data suggest that airway closure is not a common occurrence during provoked respiratory disturbances in awake goats. We propose that airway closure, when present during prolonged Te, is more likely dependent on activation of laryngeal adductor muscles with glottic braking independent of pharyngeal narrowing.

Influence of upper airway pressure oscillations on soft palate muscle electromyographic activity

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1190-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brancatisano ◽  
T. Van der Touw ◽  
N. O'Neill ◽  
T. C. Amis
Keyword(s):  
Soft Palate ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Pressure Oscillations ◽  
Question Mark ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fine Wire ◽  
The Mean

Snoring is characterized by high-frequency (30-50 Hz) pressure oscillations (HFPO) in the upper airway (UA). The soft palate is a major oscillating structure during snoring, and soft palate muscle (SPM) activity is an important determinant of velopharyngeal patency. Consequently, we examined the effect of artificial HFPO applied to the UA on the integrated electromyographic (EMG) activity of the SPMs in 11 supine mouth-closed anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium/chloralose) dogs breathing spontaneously via a tracheostomy. The EMGs of the palatinus (Pal; n = 11), levator veli palatini (LP; n = 9), and tensor veli palatini (TP; n = 8) were monitored with intramuscular fine-wire electrodes. Peak inspiratory and peak expiratory EMG activity was measured in arbitrary units (au) as the mean of five consecutive breaths. HFPO [+/- 4.5 +/- 0.4 (SE) cmH2O; 30 Hz inverted question mark applied at the laryngeal end of the isolated UA increased peak inspiratory EMG from 3.3 +/- 2.0 to 8.4 +/- 1.7 au (P < 0.05) for Pal and from 2.0 +/- 1.1 to 7.3 +/- 2.7 au (P < 0.05) for LP. For the TP, increases were evident in four dogs, but mean values for the group did not change (5.8 +/- 2.4 to 11.0 +/- 4.1 au, P = 0.5). The peak expiratory EMG did not change for any SPM (all P > 0.3). Thus HFPO applied to the UA augments inspiratory SPM activity. Reflex augmentation of SPM activity by HFPO may serve to dilate the retropalatal airway and/or stiffen the soft palate during inspiration in an attempt to stabilize UA geometry during snoring.

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