Muscle glycogen accumulation after endurance exercise in trained and untrained individuals

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hickner ◽  
J. S. Fisher ◽  
P. A. Hansen ◽  
S. B. Racette ◽  
C. M. Mier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Plasma Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Concentration

Hickner, R. C., J. S. Fisher, P. A. Hansen, S. B. Racette, C. M. Mier, M. J. Turner, and J. O. Holloszy. Muscle glycogen accumulation after endurance exercise in trained and untrained individuals. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 897–903, 1997.—Muscle glycogen accumulation was determined in six trained cyclists (Trn) and six untrained subjects (UT) at 6 and either 48 or 72 h after 2 h of cycling exercise at ∼75% peak O2 uptake (V˙o 2 peak), which terminated with five 1-min sprints. Subjects ate 10 g carbohydrate ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1for 48–72 h postexercise. Muscle glycogen accumulation averaged 71 ± 9 (SE) mmol/kg (Trn) and 31 ± 9 mmol/kg (UT) during the first 6 h postexercise ( P < 0.01) and 79 ± 22 mmol/kg (Trn) and 60 ± 9 mmol/kg (UT) between 6 and 48 or 72 h postexercise (not significant). Muscle glycogen concentration was 164 ± 21 mmol/kg (Trn) and 99 ± 16 mmol/kg (UT) 48–72 h postexercise ( P < 0.05). Muscle GLUT-4 content immediately postexercise was threefold higher in Trn than in UT ( P < 0.05) and correlated with glycogen accumulation rates ( r = 0.66, P < 0.05). Glycogen synthase in the active I form was 2.5 ± 0.5, 3.3 ± 0.5, and 1.0 ± 0.3 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ min−1in Trn at 0, 6, and 48 or 72 h postexercise, respectively; corresponding values were 1.2 ± 0.3, 2.7 ± 0.5, and 1.6 ± 0.3 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ min−1in UT ( P < 0.05 at 0 h). Plasma insulin and plasma C-peptide area under the curve were lower in Trn than in UT over the first 6 h postexercise ( P < 0.05). Plasma creatine kinase concentrations were 125 ± 25 IU/l (Trn) and 91 ± 9 IU/l (UT) preexercise and 112 ± 14 IU/l (Trn) and 144 ± 22 IU/l (UT; P < 0.05 vs. preexercise) at 48–72 h postexercise (normal: 30–200 IU/l). We conclude that endurance exercise training results in an increased ability to accumulate muscle glycogen after exercise.

Effects of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen accumulation in humans

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Greiwe ◽  
Robert C. Hickner ◽  
Polly A. Hansen ◽  
Susan B. Racette ◽  
May M. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Concentration

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether endurance exercise training increases the ability of human skeletal muscle to accumulate glycogen after exercise. Subjects (4 women and 2 men, 31 ± 8 yr old) performed high-intensity stationary cycling 3 days/wk and continuous running 3 days/wk for 10 wk. Muscle glycogen concentration was measured after a glycogen-depleting exercise bout before and after endurance training. Muscle glycogen accumulation rate from 15 min to 6 h after exercise was twofold higher ( P < 0.05) in the trained than in the untrained state: 10.5 ± 0.2 and 4.5 ± 1.3 mmol ⋅ kg wet wt−1 ⋅ h−1, respectively. Muscle glycogen concentration was higher ( P < 0.05) in the trained than in the untrained state at 15 min, 6 h, and 48 h after exercise. Muscle GLUT-4 content after exercise was twofold higher ( P < 0.05) in the trained than in the untrained state (10.7 ± 1.2 and 4.7 ± 0.7 optical density units, respectively) and was correlated with muscle glycogen concentration 6 h after exercise ( r = 0.64, P < 0.05). Total glycogen synthase activity and the percentage of glycogen synthase I were not significantly different before and after training at 15 min, 6 h, and 48 h after exercise. We conclude that endurance exercise training enhances the capacity of human skeletal muscle to accumulate glycogen after glycogen-depleting exercise.

Effect of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 711-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Nakatani ◽  
Dong-Ho Han ◽  
Polly A. Hansen ◽  
Lorraine A. Nolte ◽  
Helen H. Host ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

Nakatani, Akira, Dong-Ho Han, Polly A. Hansen, Lorraine A. Nolte, Helen H. Host, Robert C. Hickner, and John O. Holloszy.Effect of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 711–715, 1997.—The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the rate and extent of glycogen supercompensation in skeletal muscle are increased by endurance exercise training. Rats were trained by using a 5-wk-long swimming program in which the duration of swimming was gradually increased to 6 h/day over 3 wk and then maintained at 6 h/day for an additional 2 wk. Glycogen repletion was measured in trained and untrained rats after a glycogen-depleting bout of exercise. The rats were given a rodent chow diet plus 5% sucrose in their drinking water ad libitum during the recovery period. There were remarkable differences in both the rates of glycogen accumulation and the glycogen concentrations attained in the two groups. The concentration of glycogen in epitrochlearis muscle averaged 13.1 ± 0.9 mg/g wet wt in the untrained group and 31.7 ± 2.7 mg/g in the trained group ( P < 0.001) 24 h after the exercise. This difference could not be explained by a training effect on glycogen synthase. The training induced ∼50% increases in muscle GLUT-4 glucose transporter protein and in hexokinase activity in epitrochlearis muscles. We conclude that endurance exercise training results in increases in both the rate and magnitude of muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats.

Transgenic mice overexpressing GLUT-1 protein in muscle exhibit increased muscle glycogenesis after exercise

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. E588-E592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Ming Ren ◽  
Nicole Barucci ◽  
Bess A. Marshall ◽  
Polly Hansen ◽  
Mike M. Mueckler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Glut 1 ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
High Level ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Concentration

The purpose of the present study was to determine the rates of muscle glycogenolysis and glycogenesis during and after exercise in GLUT-1 transgenic mice and their age-matched littermates. Male transgenic mice (TG) expressing a high level of human GLUT-1 and their nontransgenic (NT) littermates underwent 3 h of swimming. Glycogen concentration was determined in gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles before exercise and at 0, 5, and 24 h postexercise, during which food (chow) and 10% glucose solution (as drinking water) were provided. Exercise resulted in ∼90% reduction in muscle glycogen in both NT (from 11.2 ± 1.4 to 2.1 ± 1.3 μmol/g) and TG (from 99.3 ± 4.7 to 11.8 ± 4.3 μmol/g) in gastrocnemius muscle. During recovery from exercise, the glycogen concentration increased to 38.2 ± 7.3 (5 h postexercise) and 40.5 ± 2.8 μmol/g (24 h postexercise) in NT mice. In TG mice, however, the increase in muscle glycogen concentration during recovery was greater (to 57.5 ± 7.4 and 152.1 ± 15.7 μmol/g at 5 and 24 h postexercise, respectively). Similar results were obtained from EDL muscle. The rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake measured in isolated EDL muscles was 7- to 10-fold higher in TG mice at rest and at 0 and 5 h postexercise. There was no difference in muscle glycogen synthase activation measured in gastrocnemius muscles between NT and TG mice immediately after exercise. These results demonstrate that the rate of muscle glycogen accumulation postexercise exhibits two phases in TG: 1) an early phase (0–5 h), with rapid glycogen accumulation similar to that of NT mice, and 2) a progressive increase in muscle glycogen concentration, which differs from that of NT mice, during the second phase (5–24 h). Our data suggest that the high level of steady-state muscle glycogen in TG mice is due to the increase in muscle glucose transport activity.

EFFECTS OF ENDURANCE EXERCISE TRAINING ON MUSCLE GLYCOGEN ACCUMULATION IN HUMANS.

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S54 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Greiwe ◽  
R. C. Hickner ◽  
P. A. Hansen ◽  
S. B. Racette ◽  
M. M. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

Persistent increase in glucose uptake by rat skeletal muscle following exercise

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (5) ◽  
pp. C200-C203 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ivy ◽  
J. O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Concentration

The effect of a bout of exercise on glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle was examined using a perfused rat hindlimb preparation. Rats were subjected to a bout of swimming. The exercise stress was moderate as reflected in a reduction of muscle glycogen concentration of only 50%. Glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis were measured in perfused hindlimb muscles for a 30-min period beginning approximately 60 min following the exercise. The rate of glucose uptake in the absence of insulin was 10-fold higher in hindlimbs of exercised animals than in the controls. The rate of glucose uptake was also higher in exercised than in control muscles in the presence of 50 microunits/ml or 10 mU/ml of insulin, but these differences were smaller than that found in the absence of insulin. Conversion to glycogen was the major pathway for disposal of the glucose taken up by muscle. The rate of glycogen accumulation in the exercised plantaris muscles was greater than in the control muscles both in the absence and presence of insulin.

Effects of stopping exercise training on epinephrine-induced lipolysis in humans

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Martin ◽  
E. F. Coyle ◽  
M. Joyner ◽  
D. Santeusanio ◽  
A. A. Ehsani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Serum Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Lipolytic Action ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

It has been reported that in rats endurance exercise training enhances the sensitivity of adipose tissue to the lipolytic action of catecholamines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endurance training has a similar effect on the lipolytic response to epinephrine in humans. Four days after cessation of training, a constant infusion of epinephrine resulted in a significantly smaller increase in serum free fatty acids (0.57 +/- 0.40 vs. 1.06 +/- 0.30 mM; P less than 0.01) and blood glycerol (0.07 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.12 +/- 0.03 mM; P less than 0.01) and a greater rise in blood lactate (1.24 +/- 0.51 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.44 mM; P less than 0.01) above preinfusion levels than when the subjects were training. No further change in these responses occurred after 2 mo of inactivity. Plasma glucose and glucagon responses to epinephrine remained constant throughout the study. Plasma insulin concentrations before and during epinephrine infusion were higher than in the trained state only after 2 mo of inactivity. These findings suggest that epinephrine-induced lipolysis is enhanced in endurance-exercise-trained individuals but that this adaptation is lost very rapidly after cessation of exercise.

Glucose transport rate and glycogen synthase activity both limit skeletal muscle glycogen accumulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (6) ◽  
pp. E1214-E1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Fisher ◽  
Lorraine A. Nolte ◽  
Kentaro Kawanaka ◽  
Dong-Ho Han ◽  
Terry E. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Transport Rate ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Gf 109203X ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Activity

We varied rates of glucose transport and glycogen synthase I (GS-I) activity (%GS-I) in isolated rat epitrochlearis muscle to examine the role of each process in determining the rate of glycogen accumulation. %GS-I was maintained at or above the fasting basal range during 3 h of incubation with 36 mM glucose and 60 μU/ml insulin. Lithium (2 mM LiCl) added to insulin increased glucose transport rate and muscle glycogen content compared with insulin alone. The glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor GF-109203x (GF; 10 μM) maintained %GS-I about twofold higher than insulin with or without lithium but did not increase glycogen accumulation. When %GS-I was lowered below the fasting range by prolonged incubation with 36 mM glucose and 2 mU/ml insulin, raising rates of glucose transport with bpV(phen) or of %GS-I with GF produced additive increases in glycogen concentration. Phosphorylase activity was unaffected by GF or bpV(phen). In muscles of fed animals, %GS-I was ∼30% lower than in those of fasted rats, and insulin-stimulated glycogen accumulation did not occur unless %GS-I was raised with GF. We conclude that the rate of glucose transport is rate limiting for glycogen accumulation unless %GS-I is below the fasting range, in which case both glucose transport rate and GS activity can limit glycogen accumulation.

Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Holloszy ◽  
E. F. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

Regularly performed endurance exercise induces major adaptations in skeletal muscle. These include increases in the mitochondrial content and respiratory capacity of the muscle fibers. As a consequence of the increase in mitochondria, exercise of the same intensity results in a disturbance in homeostasis that is smaller in trained than in untrained muscles. The major metabolic consequences of the adaptations of muscle to endurance exercise are a slower utilization of muscle glycogen and blood glucose, a greater reliance on fat oxidation, and less lactate production during exercise of a given intensity. These adaptations play an important role in the large increase in the ability to perform prolonged strenuous exercise that occurs in response to endurance exercise training.

Stimulatory effect of glutamine on glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. E309-E315 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Varnier ◽  
G. P. Leese ◽  
J. Thompson ◽  
M. J. Rennie
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Glucose Incorporation ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Exercise Muscle ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Concentration

To determine whether glutamine can stimulate human muscle glycogen synthesis, we studied in groups of six subjects the effect after exercise of infusion of glutamine, alanine+glycine, or saline. The subjects cycled for 90 min at 70-140% maximal oxygen consumption to deplete muscle glycogen; then primed constant infusions of glutamine (30 mg/kg; 50 mg.kg-1.h-1) or an isonitrogenous, isoenergetic mixture of alanine+glycine or NaCl (0.9%) were administered. Muscle glutamine remained constant during saline infusion, decreased 18% during alanine+glycine infusion (P < 0.001), but rose 16% during glutamine infusion (P < 0.001). By 2 h after exercise, muscle glycogen concentration had increased more in the glutamine-infused group than in the saline or alanine+glycine controls (+2.8 +/- 0.6, +0.8 +/- 0.4, and +0.9 +/- 0.4 mumol/g wet wt, respectively, P < 0.05, glutamine vs. saline or alanine+glycine). Labeling of glycogen by tracer [U-13C]glucose was similar in glutamine and saline groups, suggesting no effect of glutamine on the fractional rate of blood glucose incorporation into glycogen. The results suggest that, after exercise, increased availability of glutamine promotes muscle glycogen accumulation by mechanisms possibly including diversion of glutamine carbon to glycogen.

Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1360-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Tarnopolsky ◽  
S. A. Atkinson ◽  
S. M. Phillips ◽  
J. D. MacDougall
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Carbohydrate Loading ◽  
Endurance Cycling ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Concentration

During endurance exercise at approximately 65% maximal O2 consumption, women oxidize more lipids, and therefore decrease carbohydrate and protein oxidation, compared with men (L.J. Tarnopolsky, M.A. Tarnopolsky, S.A. Atkinson, and J.D. MacDougall. J. Appl. Physiol. 68: 302–308, 1990; S.M. Phillips, S.A. Atkinson, M.A. Tarnopolsky, and J.D. MacDougall. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 2134–2141, 1993). The main purpose of this study was to examine the ability of similarly trained male (n = 7) and female (n = 8) endurance athletes to increase muscle glycogen concentrations in response to an increase in dietary carbohydrate from 55–60 to 75% of energy intake for a period of 4 days (carbohydrate loading). In addition, we sought to examine whether gender differences existed in metabolism during submaximal endurance cycling at 75% peak O2 consumption (VO2 peak) for 60 min. The men increased muscle glycogen concentration by 41% in response to the dietary manipulation and had a corresponding increase in performance time during an 85% VO2 peak trial (45%), whereas the women did not increase glycogen concentration (0%) or performance time (5%). The women oxidized significantly more lipid and less carbohydrate and protein compared with the men during exercise at 75% VO2-peak. We conclude that women did not increase muscle glycogen in response to the 4-day regimen of carbohydrate loading described. In addition, these data support previous observations of greater lipid and lower carbohydrate and protein oxidation by women vs. men during submaximal endurance exercise.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document