scholarly journals Improvements in skeletal muscle fiber size with resistance training are age-dependent in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-403
Author(s):  
Chad R. Straight ◽  
Michael V. Fedewa ◽  
Michael J. Toth ◽  
Mark S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Mhc I ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
Fiber Size

As studies examining the hypertrophic effects of resistance training (RT) at the cellular level have produced inconsistent results, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate muscle fiber size before and after a structured RT intervention in older adults. A random-effects model was used to calculate mean effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Thirty-five studies were included (age range: 59.0–88.5 yr), and 44 and 30 effects were used to estimate RT impact on myosin heavy chain (MHC) I and II fiber size. RT produced moderate-to-large increases in MHC I (ES = +0.51, 95%CI +0.31 to +0.71; P < 0.001) and II (ES = +0.81, 95%CI +0.56 to +1.05; P < 0.001) fiber size, with men and women having a similar response. Age was negatively associated with change in muscle fiber size for both fiber types (MHC I: R2 = 0.11, β = −0.33, P = 0.002; MHC II: R2 = 0.10, β = −0.32, P = 0.04), indicating a less robust hypertrophic response as age increases in older adults. Unexpectedly, a higher training intensity (defined as percentage of one-repetition maximum) was associated with a smaller increase in MHC II fiber size ( R2 = 15.09%, β = −0.39, P = 0.01). Notably, MHC II fiber subtypes (IIA, IIX, IIAX) were examined less frequently, but RT improved their size. Overall, our findings indicate that RT induces cellular hypertrophy in older adults, although the effect is attenuated with increasing age. In addition, hypertrophy of MHC II fibers was reduced with higher training intensity, which may suggest a failure of muscle fibers to hypertrophy in response to high loads in older adults.

scholarly journals Utility of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation to Preserve Quadriceps Muscle Fiber Size and Contractility After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Reconstruction: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Blinded Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 2429-2437
Author(s):  
Michael J. Toth ◽  
Timothy W. Tourville ◽  
Thomas B. Voigt ◽  
Rebecca H. Choquette ◽  
Bradley M. Anair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Mhc I ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
Fiber Size

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and reconstruction (ACLR) promote quadriceps muscle atrophy and weakness that can persist for years, suggesting the need for more effective rehabilitation programs. Whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be used to prevent maladaptations in skeletal muscle size and function is unclear. Purpose: To examine whether early NMES use, started soon after an injury and maintained through 3 weeks after surgery, can preserve quadriceps muscle size and contractile function at the cellular (ie, fiber) level in the injured versus noninjured leg of patients undergoing ACLR. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Patients (n = 25; 12 men/13 women) with an acute, first-time ACL rupture were randomized to NMES (5 d/wk) or sham (simulated microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation; 5 d/wk) treatment to the quadriceps muscles of their injured leg. Bilateral biopsies of the vastus lateralis were performed 3 weeks after surgery to measure skeletal muscle fiber size and contractility. Quadriceps muscle size and strength were assessed 6 months after surgery. Results: A total of 21 patients (9 men/12 women) completed the trial. ACLR reduced single muscle fiber size and contractility across all fiber types ( P < .01 to P < .001) in the injured compared with noninjured leg 3 weeks after surgery. NMES reduced muscle fiber atrophy ( P < .01) through effects on fast-twitch myosin heavy chain (MHC) II fibers ( P < .01 to P < .001). NMES preserved contractility in slow-twitch MHC I fibers ( P < .01 to P < .001), increasing maximal contractile velocity ( P < .01) and preserving power output ( P < .01), but not in MHC II fibers. Differences in whole muscle strength between groups were not discerned 6 months after surgery. Conclusion: Early NMES use reduced skeletal muscle fiber atrophy in MHC II fibers and preserved contractility in MHC I fibers. These results provide seminal, cellular-level data demonstrating the utility of the early use of NMES to beneficially modify skeletal muscle maladaptations to ACLR. Clinical Relevance: Our results provide the first comprehensive, cellular-level evidence to show that the early use of NMES mitigates early skeletal muscle maladaptations to ACLR. Registration: NCT02945553 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)

scholarly journals Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction Compared to Traditional Resistance Training on Strength and Muscle Mass in Non-Active Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11441
Author(s):  
Darío Rodrigo-Mallorca ◽  
Andrés Felipe Loaiza-Betancur ◽  
Pablo Monteagudo ◽  
Cristina Blasco-Lafarga ◽  
Iván Chulvi-Medrano
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Flow Restriction

Low-intensity training with blood flow restriction (LI-BFR) has been suggested as an alternative to high-intensity resistance training for the improvement of strength and muscle mass, becoming advisable for individuals who cannot assume such a load. The systematic review aimed to determine the effectiveness of the LI-BFR compared to dynamic high-intensity resistance training on strength and muscle mass in non-active older adults. A systematic review was conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook and reportedly followed the PRISMA statement. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus databases were searched between September and October 2020. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias and the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. Twelve studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Meta-analysis pointed out significant differences in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC): SMD 0.61, 95% CI [0.10, 1.11], p = 0.02, I2 71% p < 0.0001; but not in the repetition maximum (RM): SMD 0.07, 95% CI [−0.25, 0.40], p = 0.66, I2 0% p < 0.53; neither in the muscle mass: SMD 0.62, 95% CI [−0.09, 1.34], p = 0.09, I2 59% p = 0.05. Despite important limitations such as scarce literature regarding LI-BFR in older adults, the small sample size in most studies, the still differences in methodology and poor quality in many of them, this systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a positive benefit in non-active older adults. LI- BFR may induce increased muscular strength and muscle mass, at least at a similar extent to that in the traditional high-intensity resistance training.

Effects of Protein Supplementation in Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Finger ◽  
Fernanda Reistenbach Goltz ◽  
Daniel Umpierre ◽  
Elisabeth Meyer ◽  
Luis Henrique Telles Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Protein Supplementation

Resistance training improves cognitive function in older adults with different cognitive status: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Helio Coelho-Junior ◽  
Emanuele Marzetti ◽  
Riccardo Calvani ◽  
Anna Picca ◽  
Hidenori Arai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Status

scholarly journals Effect of Chronic Resistance Training on Circulating Irisin: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2476
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Cosio ◽  
Manuel Crespo-Posadas ◽  
Álvaro Velarde-Sotres ◽  
Mireia Pelaez
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Subgroup Analyses

Irisin seems to play an important role in several chronic diseases, however, the interactions between chronic training and irisin are still unclear. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of chronic resistance training on circulating irisin in adults. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCOhost (Academic Search Complete) until December 2020. Randomized controlled trials researching irisin levels after a resistance training program for at least 8 weeks among an adult population were eligible. Other inclusion criteria comprised recruiting a control group and reporting circulating irisin through ELISA kits. Cohen’s d effect size and subgroup analyses (95% confidence level) were calculated using a random effects analysis model. Data of the seven included studies comprising 282 individuals showed an increasing and non-significant tendency after a resistance training program (d = 0.58, 95% CI: −0.25 to 1.40, p = 0.17). Subgroup analyses showed significant increases for the older adults group (p < 0.001) and when training is demanding and progressive in terms of intensity (p = 0.03). Data suggest that resistance training programs seem to increase circulating irisin, especially in older adults and in demanding and progressive training programs. However, more studies should be conducted using robust measurement methods, such as mass spectrometry, to better understand the interaction between chronic resistance exercise and irisin.

scholarly journals Effect of resistance training on muscle strength and rate of force development in healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedrode Camargo Guizelini ◽  
Rafael Alves de Aguiar ◽  
Benedito Sérgio Denadai ◽  
Fabrizio Caputo ◽  
Camila Coelho Greco
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Force Development

scholarly journals Is power training effective to produce muscle hypertrophy in older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1031-1040
Author(s):  
Lucas B.R. Orssatto ◽  
Ewertton S. Bezerra ◽  
Anthony J. Shield ◽  
Gabriel S. Trajano
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
High Quality

Power training has been suggested to be effective in improving strength, power, and functional capacity in older adults. However, there is still a lack of systematic investigations reporting its effectiveness for muscle hypertrophy. Thus, this study investigated the effect of power training on muscle hypertrophy and compared its magnitude with traditional moderate-velocity resistance training in older adults. A systematic search was conducted to identify clinical trials investigating the effect of power training on muscle hypertrophy (power training vs. control) and/or comparing the effect of power training versus moderate-velocity resistance training for a meta-analytical approach. Ten studies comparing power training to control conditions and 9 studies comparing power training to moderate-velocity resistance training were selected. Three studies were classified as high quality and 2 were preregistered. The meta-analysis showed that power training was superior for muscle hypertrophy compared with control condition (n = 8 studies; standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.04, 0.58; p = 0.029), and resulted in similar hypertrophy compared with moderate-velocity resistance training (n = 7 studies; SMD = 0.07; 95% CI = –0.18, 0.32; p = 0.50). No significant heterogeneity was observed (p = 0.46 and 0.54, and I2 = 0% and 0%, respectively). Our data suggest that power training is effective for muscle hypertrophy in older adults, with similar effectiveness as moderate-velocity resistance training. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42019128951.) Novelty It is known that power training might be superior to moderate-velocity resistance training for function improvements in older adults, but there was no meta-analysis investigating its effect on muscle hypertrophy. Power training is effective to induce muscle hypertrophy in older adults to a similar extent as moderate-velocity resistance training.

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