scholarly journals Semantic representation of abstract and concrete words: a minireview of neural evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1585-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Montefinese
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Network ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Concrete Concepts ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Organizational Principles ◽  
Concrete Words

Evidence from both behavioral and neuropsychological studies suggest that different types of organizational principles govern semantic representations of abstract and concrete words. The reviewed neuroimaging studies provide new evidence about the role of brain areas of the semantic network involved in the encoding of some types of information during processing of abstract and concrete concepts, better characterizing the neural underpinnings and the organizational principles of semantic representation of these types of word.

scholarly journals How well do similarity measures predict priming in abstract and concrete concepts?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Montefinese ◽  
Erin Michelle Buchanan ◽  
David Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Association Strength ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Strategic Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Concrete Concepts

Models of semantic representation predict that automatic priming is determined by associative and co-occurrence relations (i.e., spreading activation accounts), or to similarity in words' semantic features (i.e., featural models). Although, these three factors are correlated in characterizing semantic representation, they seem to tap different aspects of meaning. We designed two lexical decision experiments to dissociate these three different types of meaning similarity. For unmasked primes, we observed priming only due to association strength and not the other two measures; and no evidence for differences in priming for concrete and abstract concepts. For masked primes there was no priming regardless of the semantic relation. These results challenge theoretical accounts of automatic priming. Rather, they are in line with the idea that priming may be due to participants’ controlled strategic processes. These results provide important insight about the nature of priming and how association strength, as determined from word-association norms, relates to the nature of semantic representation.

Information Reporting and Tax Compliance

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Bibek Adhikari ◽  
James Alm ◽  
Timothy F. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Credit Cards ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Business Reporting ◽  
Information Reporting ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Form ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Role Of Information

Ensuring tax compliance is an enduring problem for governments in all countries. In this paper, we examine the role of information reporting in increasing tax compliance. We first discuss the practice of information reporting in the US, including a recent IRS initiative that implemented information reporting for income received through debit and credit cards via the new Form 1099-K. We then review the literature on the compliance effects of information reporting. Finally, we report some new evidence that indicates that Form 1099-K information reporting had significant--but heterogeneous--impacts on compliance rates of different types of business reporting.

Short-Term Storage and the Processing of Cohesion during Reading

1986 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Fischer ◽  
Murray Glanzer
Keyword(s):  
Distractor Task ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Efficient Performance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short Term Storage ◽  
Thematic Information ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Term Storage

Four studies examine the role of short-term storage in the processing of grammatical cohesion devices (reference and conjunction) during reading. They demonstrate that short-term storage carries specific information that resolves reference and conjunction relations demanded by text. They also show that during reading, if short-term storage is unimpaired, these linkages produce smooth, efficient performance. If, however, short-term storage is cleared of its contents with a distractor task, reading is disrupted. The extent of the disruption is determined, in part, by the linkage demands of the text. It is theorized that this occurs because resolution of linkage takes place in short-term storage. Both indirect and direct evidence is also obtained that short-term storage is carrying higher-order thematic information. The first three studies demonstrate that a range of distractor tasks produces the basic results. The fourth study compares the effects of different distractor tasks and permits the specification of different types of information held in short-term storage during reading. A linear model of the process is fitted to the data. It assigns time values to four factors that determine the rate of reading.

scholarly journals Graphical vs. Spatial Models of Distributional Semantics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shufan Mao ◽  
Jon Willits
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Distributional Information ◽  
Semantic Space Models

Semantic space models based on distributional information and semantic network (graphical) models are two of the most popular models of semantic representation. Both types of models succeed at modeling or explaining various tasks. Both types of models also have limitations. Spatial models have difficulties representing indirect semantic relations, while graphical models have lacked a theoretical account for the construction of their semantic network. In this article, we develop the Distributional Graph Model. The new model resembles semantic space models in the way that it is a representation of semantic memory obtained from statistical learning on a linguistic corpus. But like other graphical models, it is able to capture indirect semantic relatedness as well. Using an artificial language specifically designed to test different types of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships, we show that the Distributional Graph Model demonstrates the benefits of both graphical and spatial distributional models.

scholarly journals The Role of Information in Assessing the Risk of Conducting Bankruptcy Proceedings

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Michał Baran ◽  
Kinga Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
Role Of Information

Modern management means making managerial decisions in many situations—including the administrative ordering of matters of a bankrupt enterprise. The situation in which the court approves the opening of bankruptcy proceedings is strictly regulated by law. This does not mean, however, that such a decision is made under conditions of certainty as to its consequences. The risk of making a wrong decision has significant consequences for everyone who is interested in it (the bankrupt company, its partners, employees, banks, the tax office). The purpose of this article is to explain the importance and significance of the various types of information that are used to reliably assess the value of a failing enterprise’s assets. The information of individual types is analyzed in the decision-making process which leads to the right decision on whether to start bankruptcy proceedings. Therefore, in the theoretical part, the authors prepare a list of types of information used in the mentioned process. Then the authors present the results of a survey (103 specialists in the field of bankruptcy), which allows to assess the real meaning of information of individual types. The main contribution for which the present paper is responsible is the description of the verified tool which functioned in the form of the survey that was applied in the study and the result arising from conducting it. This survey was used to achieve the main objective that was focused on constructing the hierarchy of significance of different types of information relating to the risk of conducting bankruptcy proceedings. The main findings show that in general insolvency specialists prioritize the information (financial and also not financial) not originating from financial reporting.

Savva Mamontov, Serge Diaghilev, and a Rocky Path to Modernism

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLGA HALDEY
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Ballets Russes ◽  
Art Form ◽  
The World ◽  
Student Relationship ◽  
Artistic Director ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Organizational Principles ◽  
Collaborative Methodology

ABSTRACT The Ballets Russes of Serge Diaghilev has frequently been hailed as an emblem of 20th-century modernism, its productions created by a ““committee”” of directors, composers, and designers viewed as a realization of an elusive dream of art synthesis. Present research based on diverse unpublished sources traces the beginning of the transition toward modernism on stage to the earlier activities of the Moscow Private Opera directed by Savva Mamontov. An artist and a millionaire, Mamontov succeeded in realizing his ideal of opera as a synthesized art form by instigating major reforms in acting, directing, and design, all later adopted by Diaghilev. However, parallels between their two enterprises have always been dismissed as coincidental. New evidence reveals the existence of a mentor-student relationship between Mamontov and Diaghilev based on shared aesthetic views that earned both men a derogatory label of ““decadents.”” Intrigued by Mamontov's philosophy and collaborative methodology employed in creating productions such as Gluck's Orfeo and Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko, Diaghilev studied organizational principles of his enterprise and modeled the Ballets Russes after them, while himself assuming the role of an artistic director similar to Mamontov's. Thus, Savva Mamontov paved the way for the modernist vision of theater presented to the world by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

scholarly journals Learning and Using Abstract Words: Evidence from Clinical Populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Lorusso ◽  
Michele Burigo ◽  
Alessandro Tavano ◽  
Anna Milani ◽  
Sara Martelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Profile ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Concrete Concepts ◽  
Concrete Words

It has been shown that abstract concepts are more difficult to process and are acquired later than concrete concepts. We analysed the percentage of concrete words in the narrative lexicon of individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS) as compared to individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) and typically developing (TD) peers. The cognitive profile of WS is characterized by visual-spatial difficulties, while DS presents with predominant impairments in linguistic abilities. We predicted that if linguistic abilities are crucial to the development and use of an abstract vocabulary, DS participants should display a higher concreteness index than both Williams Syndrome and typically developing individuals. Results confirm this prediction, thus supporting the hypothesis of a crucial role of linguistic processes in abstract language acquisition. Correlation analyses suggest that a maturational link exists between the level of abstractness in narrative production and syntactic comprehension.

scholarly journals Chinese cinema in Spain

Babel ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-603
Author(s):  
Helena Casas-Tost ◽  
Sara Rovira-Esteva
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Chinese Cinema ◽  
Film Festivals ◽  
Intercultural Exchange ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Audiovisual Translation ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Chinese Films ◽  
Do So

Abstract Audiovisual translation has become one of the main means of communication between cultures. Although the number of Chinese films that reach Spanish audiences is rather limited, the cinema is still a very powerful tool in bridging the gap between these two cultures. This paper aims to give an overview of the situation of Chinese cinema in Spain through audiovisual translation. In order to do so, a database of 500 Chinese films translated into Spanish has been created. For each film, different types of information organized into three blocks have been collected: firstly, data regarding the source film in Chinese; secondly, data on the translated film; and finally, information about paratexts related to the film in Chinese, Spanish and English. Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of our data the main trends in Chinese-Spanish audiovisual translation from the mid-1970s to today are shown. Our results identify the most popular Chinese directors and the main genres and translation modalities. We point out the role of the translator and the importance of mediating languages; and, finally, we highlight the significance of distribution channels, particularly film festivals. This article aims at filling the gap with regard to research in audiovisual translation as an intercultural exchange between China and Spain.

Impact of information risk and cost of equity: moderating role of investor attention

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Saleem ◽  
Muhammad Usman
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Investor Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Information Risk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Moderating Role

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to finds out how investor attention plays the moderating role between the relation of information risk and COE by considering the effect of three different types of information risk, that is private information, lack of quality and transparent information.Design/methodology/approachFor that purpose, data is collected from all the non-financial firms listed on PSX from 2007 to 2019. Two-step system GMM dynamic panel estimators are applied to test the dynamic nature of the proposed model.FindingsThe findings of the study show that investor attention reduces these three information risks by increasing the stock liquidity and decreasing the crash risk which ultimately decreases the COE. Also, this study examined the role of investor attention between the relations of information risk and corporate investment in the dynamic panel model, where the two-step system generalized method of the moment has been applied. The finding of the study shows that investor attention stimulates the innovative investment by increasing investor confidence and decreasing the agency conflict.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by providing the novel findings by considering the role of investor attention in reducing the effect of three different types of information risk, that is private information, less quality as well as less transparency of information and further their effect on the cost of equity.

scholarly journals Climate change on Twitter: Content, media ecology and information sharing behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe A. Veltri ◽  
Dimitrinka Atanasova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Media Ecology ◽  
Semantic Network Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Media ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Communicative Space

This article presents a study of the content, use of sources and information sharing about climate change analysing over 60,000 tweets collected using a random week sample. We discuss the potential for studying Twitter as a communicative space that is rich in different types of information and presents both new challenges and opportunities. Our analysis combines automatic thematic analysis, semantic network analysis and text classification according to psychological process categories. We also consider the media ecology of tweets and the external web links that users shared. In terms of content, the network of topics uncovered presents a multidimensional discourse that accounts for complex causal links between climate change and its consequences. The media ecology analysis revealed a narrow set of sources with a major role played by traditional media and that emotionally arousing text was more likely to be shared.

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