The intensity order illusion: temporal order of different vibrotactile intensity causes systematic localization errors

Haptic illusions serve as important tools for studying neurocognitive processing of touch and can be utilized in practical contexts. We report a new spatiotemporal haptic illusion that involves mislocalization when the order of vibrotactile intensity is manipulated. We tested two types of motors mounted in a 4 × 4 array in the lower thoracic region. We created apparent movement with two successive vibrotactile stimulations of varying distance (40, 20, or 0 mm) and direction (up, down, or same) while changing the temporal order of stimulation intensity (strong-weak vs. weak-strong). Participants judged the perceived direction of movement in a 2-alternative forced-choice task. The results suggest that varying the temporal order of vibrotactile stimuli with different intensity leads to systematic localization errors: when a strong-intensity stimulus was followed by a weak-intensity stimulus, the probability that participants perceived a downward movement increased, and vice versa. The illusion is so strong that the order of the strength of stimulation determined perception even when the actual presentation movement was the opposite. We then verified this “intensity order illusion” using an open response format where observers judged the orientation of an imaginary line drawn between two sequential tactor activations. The intensity order illusion reveals a strong bias in vibrotactile perception that has strong implications for the design of haptic information systems. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report a new illusion involving mislocalization of stimulation when the order of vibrotactile intensity is manipulated. When a strong-intensity stimulus follows a weak-intensity stimulus, the probability that participants perceive an upward movement increases, and vice versa. The illusion is so strong that the order of the strength of stimulation determined perception even when the actual presentation movement was the opposite. This illusion is important for the design of vibrotactile stimulation displays.

Download Full-text

P0185ROLE OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IN PROLIFERATIVE LUPUS NEPHRITIS

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfaa142.p0185 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽

Author(s):

Andres Ribas ◽

Isabel Galcerán ◽

Sara Outón ◽

Tarek Salman ◽

Javier Gimeno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lupus Nephritis ◽

Complement System ◽

Analytical Data ◽

Kidney Tissue ◽

Classical Pathway ◽

Strong Intensity ◽

Native Kidney ◽

Weak Intensity ◽

C4d Staining

Abstract Background and Aims Lupus Nephritis (LN) is a serious complication in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) which confers a worse prognosis in patients that develop this condition. It is well known that histological lesions correlate poorly with the prognosis of the disease, but little is known about the role of complement proteins deposition in kidney tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on renal manifestations of the deposition in renal tissue of C3, as a marker of alternative pathway, C4 as a marker of the classical pathway and C1q representing the lectin pathway. Method A retrospective observational study was performed, including native kidney biopsies with a diagnosis of lupus proliferative nephritis (class III/IV) (ISN/RPS 2003). Direct immunofluorescence microscopy was performed in -80ºC frozen sections to evaluate IgA, IgG, IgM, C4d, C1q and C3, and LES activity and chronicity scores were calculated according to NIH disease activity scoring system. The intensity of staining was graded as 0 (no staining), +1 (stainvisible at 40X magnification), +2 (at 20X), +3 (at X10), and +4 (at 2-4X). For statistical purpose we considered weak staining: 0, +1, +2 and strong staining: +3, +4. Patient´s files were retrospectively reviewed and clinical and analytical data were collected using a standardized form. Results 64 native kidney biopsies from 56 patients with a diagnosis of lupus proliferative nephritis were included, basal characteristics are described in attached Table. Activity index was significantly higher in biopsies showing strong intensity C3 staining compared to biopsies showing weak intensity C3 staining [(n=25) 10±1 vs (n=13) 5±1; p=0.002 respectively], alb/creat was significantly higher in patients in whom biopsy showed strong intensity C3 staining, compared to biopsies showing weak intensity C3 staining [(n=10) 1964.4±585.2 mg/gr vs (n=6) 823.6±58 mg/gr; p<0.001, respectively], prot/creat was significantly higher in biopsies that showed strong C3 staining intensity [(n=27) 2302.5±325 mg/gr vs (n=12) 1287.7±235 mg/gr, p<0.005, respectively], haematuria at NL diagnosis was more frequently in patients whose biopsy showed strong intensity C3 staining (n=21, 80.8%), compared to biopsies showing weak intensity C3 staining (n=5, 19.5%, p<0.001); most of the patients without haematuria at diagnosis showed a weak intensity C3 staining or not C3 staining (n=13, 62%). Endocapillary proliferation was significantly higher in biopsies showing strong intensity C3 staining (90.9% vs 9.1%, p<0.001).Time to proteinuria response is higher in patients showing strong intensity C4d stainingcompared with biopsies showing weak intensity C4d staining (15.2±2.4 vs 6.4±1.8 months; p=0.001), time to haematuria response is higher inbiopsies showing strong intensity C4d staining (19.5±5.5 vs 7.5±2.3 months, p=0.003). Time to proteinuria response is higher in patients showing strong intensity C1q stainingcompared to biopsies showing weak intensity C1q staining (14.0±9 vs 3.3±2.6 months, p <0.001). Conclusion Our results suggest that complement system is activated in kidney tissue of proliferative LN patients; C3 staining is associated with clinical, analytical and histological data related to acute lupus activity, whereas C4d and C1q staining are related with long-term outcomes like treatment response. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of complement system in LN.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Defocussing the Image on the Perception of the Temporal Order of Flashing Lights

Perception ◽

10.1068/p210359 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 359-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Saul M Luria ◽

James S Newacheck

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Temporal Order ◽

Apparent Movement ◽

Relative Increase ◽

Temporal Interval

The temporal interval between flashing lights that is required to perceive nonsimultaneity decreases as the refractive error increases from 0 to +2 diopters. The interval then remains constant with further increases to 3 and 4 diopters. The results are discussed in terms of the relative increase of transient to sustained visual channels and of the increase in apparent movement.

Download Full-text

Multiple Visual Latency

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/1467-9280.00025 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 135-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Jüri Allik ◽

Kairi Kreegipuu

Keyword(s):

Visual Stimulus ◽

Temporal Order ◽

Visual Awareness ◽

Common Belief ◽

Evoked Responses ◽

Visual Events ◽

Visual Latency ◽

Direction Of Movement ◽

Perceptual Latency ◽

Visual Delay

It has long been known that a dark visual stimulus is seen later than a bright one, with a delay up to several 10s of milliseconds. Systematic studies of various phenomena demonstrating this delay have revealed that the perceptual latency decreases monotonically as the stimulus intensity increases. Because latencies measured by psychological methods and cortical evoked responses are very similar to electroretinogram latencies, it has become a common belief that there is little in the intensity-dependent latency function that cannot be explained by retinal processes. In this study, we report evidence that there is no one absolute visual delay common to the whole visual system, but rather that the delay varies considerably in different perceptual subsystems. The relative visual latency was found to be considerably shorter in the task involving detecting the direction of movement than in other perceptual tasks that presume visual awareness of the beginning or temporal order of visual events.

Download Full-text

Gambaran ekspresi reseptor estrogen β pada angiofibroma nasofaring belia dengan menggunakan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia

Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana ◽

10.32637/orli.v41i1.53 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Lenny Anggreani ◽

Marlinda Adham ◽

Zanil Musa ◽

Lisnawati Lisnawati ◽

Saptawati Bardosono

Keyword(s):

Estrogen Receptor ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Staining Intensity ◽

Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Immunohistochemical Examination ◽

Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma ◽

Strong Intensity ◽

Sphenopalatine Foramen ◽

Weak Intensity

Background: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare benign hormonal related fibrovascular tumor which originates from superoposterior area of sphenopalatine foramen. Purpose: To determineER-ß expression of JNA patient at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Method: Descriptive study to determine ß-estrogen receptor (ER-ß) on 27 JNA patients who had been treated at Oncology Division ENT Departement Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital between 2001-2008 was conducted. Results: ER-ß expression of JNA in this study is 100%. Based on ER-ß staining intensity, 18.5% gave strong intensity, 29.6% with moderate intensity, and 51.9% with weak intensity. According to positive ER-ß cellular, it consist of three groups: less than 25% positive, 25-50% positive, and more than 50% positive, and the result is 3.7%, 3.7%, and 92.6% respectively. Conclusion: Immunohistochemical examination revealed 100% ER-ß expression. Keywords: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA), ER-ß expression Abstrak : Latar belakang: Angiofibroma nasofaring belia (ANB) adalah suatu tumor fibrovaskular jinak, berasal dari area superoposterior foramen sfenopalatina dan diduga berhubungan erat dengan faktor hormonal. Tujuan: Melihat gambaran ekspresi ER-ß pada penderita ANB di RS. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif untuk melihat gambaran ekspresi reseptor estrogenß (ER-ß) pada 27 kasus angiofibroma nasofaring belia (ANB) yang berobat dari tahun 2001 hingga 2008 di Divisi Onkologi Departemen Telinga Hidung Tenggorok RS. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Hasil:Didapati ekspresi ER-ß pada ANB sebesar 100%. Berdasarkan intensitas pewarnaan terhadap ER-ß didapatkan 18,5% mempunyai intensitas pewarnaan yang kuat, 29,6% intensitas pewarnaannya sedang dan 51,9% memiliki intensitas pewarnaan yang lemah. Tiga koma tujuh persen termasuk kelompok dengan jumlah sel yang positif mengandung ER-ß kurang dari 25%, 3,7% termasuk kelompok dengan jumlah sel 25-50%, dan 92,6% termasuk kelompok dengan jumlah sel yang positif mengandung ER-ß>50%. Kesimpulan: Hasil pemeriksaan imunohistokimia menunjukkan ekspresi ER-ß pada semua kasus (100%). Kata kunci: angiofibroma nasofaring belia (ANB), tumor fibrovaskuler, ekspresi ER-ß

Download Full-text

Expression of LTP by AMPA and/or NMDA receptors is determined by the extent of NMDA receptors activation during the tetanus

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2349 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 74 (6) ◽

pp. 2349-2357 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

L. Aniksztejn ◽

Y. Ben-Ari

Keyword(s):

Nmda Receptors ◽

Hippocampal Slices ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential ◽

Present Observation ◽

Tetanic Stimulation ◽

Strong Intensity ◽

Weak Intensity ◽

Term Potentiation ◽

The One

1. We have tested, in CA1 hippocampal slices, the hypothesis that the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and/or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors depends on the degree of NMDA receptors activation during the tetanus. 2. Slices were perfused in an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing glycine (1 microM), bicuculline (5 microM) and a low Mg2+ concentration (0.3 mM). To measure the AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSPA and fEPSPN, respectively), we have used the following procedure: control fEPSPA was first measured, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 10 microM) was then added, and fEPSPN was evoked. CNQX was washed, and once control fEPSPA was recorded, the Schaffer collaterals were tetanized at a weak or a strong intensity. The slope of fEPSPA was measured for 30-45 min followed by that of fEPSPN after the application of CNQX. 3. At a weak intensity (TW, which corresponds to a fEPSPA of approximately 0.3 mV of amplitude and no fEPSPN), the tetanic stimulation generated LTP of fEPSPA (58.7 +/- 8.1% mean +/- SE, n = 9) but no significant potentiation of the fEPSPN (11.2 +/- 2.2%, n = 9). These values were significantly different (P < 0.05, analysis of variance, Fisher test). 4. In 9 of 13 slices, tetanic stimulation of strong intensity (Ts, intensity corresponding to a fEPSPN of approximately 0.3 mV of amplitude) generated LTP of fEPSPN (89.1 +/- 17.2%) but not of fEPSPA (9.44 +/- 2.8%). In the four remaining slices the tetani induce LTP of both fEPSPA and fEPSPN (81.7 +/- 14.7% and 101 +/- 35.6%, respectively, both values were not significantly different). 5. We then examined the effects of decreasing fEPSPN by 50% in LTP generated by Ts and Tw. In the presence of 7-Chlorokynurenate (7Cl(-)-Kyn; 6 microM; n = 6), an antagonist of the allosteric glycine site of the NMDA receptors, Ts generated LTP of fEPSPA (63.2 +/- 8.2%) but not of fEPSPN (12.6 +/- 4.0%). Both values were significantly different. Tw still evoked LTP of fEPSPA but of smaller magnitude (29.8 +/- 6.3%, n = 8) than the one obtained in the absence of the antagonist (58.7 +/- 8.1%). Both values were significantly different. 6. The present observation suggests that l) LTP of fEPSPA has a lower threshold than that of fEPSPN, i.e., stronger activation of NMDA receptors during the tetani is required to induce LTP of fEPSPN than the one required for inducing LTP of fEPSPA; and 2) there is a bell-shaped relationship between the degree of activation of NMDA receptors during the tetani and the magnitude of LTP of the fEPSPA: tetani that generate LTP of fEPSPN have a low probability to induce LTP of fEPSPA. We suggest that AMPA and NMDA components are potentiated through two different presumably postsynaptic processes.

Download Full-text

Exploring the Boundaries of the Number–Temporal Order Association

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000285 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 198-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dana Ganor-Stern

Keyword(s):

Embodied Cognition ◽

Mental Representation ◽

Temporal Order ◽

Past Research ◽

Numerical Comparison ◽

Negative Number ◽

Comparison Task ◽

Negative Numbers ◽

The Past

Past research has shown that numbers are associated with order in time such that performance in a numerical comparison task is enhanced when number pairs appear in ascending order, when the larger number follows the smaller one. This was found in the past for the integers 1–9 ( Ben-Meir, Ganor-Stern, & Tzelgov, 2013 ; Müller & Schwarz, 2008 ). In the present study we explored whether the advantage for processing numbers in ascending order exists also for fractions and negative numbers. The results demonstrate this advantage for fraction pairs and for integer-fraction pairs. However, the opposite advantage for descending order was found for negative numbers and for positive-negative number pairs. These findings are interpreted in the context of embodied cognition approaches and current theories on the mental representation of fractions and negative numbers.

Download Full-text