scholarly journals Motion integration is anisotropic during smooth pursuit eye movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1787-1797
Author(s):  
David Souto ◽  
Jayesha Chudasama ◽  
Dirk Kerzel ◽  
Alan Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Global Motion ◽  
Local Motion ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Motion Integration ◽  
Retinal Motion ◽  
Motion Measurements

Smooth pursuit eye movements (pursuit) are used to minimize the retinal motion of moving objects. During pursuit, the pattern of motion on the retina carries not only information about the object movement but also reafferent information about the eye movement itself. The latter arises from the retinal flow of the stationary world in the direction opposite to the eye movement. To extract the global direction of motion of the tracked object and stationary world, the visual system needs to integrate ambiguous local motion measurements (i.e., the aperture problem). Unlike the tracked object, the stationary world’s global motion is entirely determined by the eye movement and thus can be approximately derived from motor commands sent to the eye (i.e., from an efference copy). Because retinal motion opposite to the eye movement is dominant during pursuit, different motion integration mechanisms might be used for retinal motion in the same direction and opposite to pursuit. To investigate motion integration during pursuit, we tested direction discrimination of a brief change in global object motion. The global motion stimulus was a circular array of small static apertures within which one-dimensional gratings moved. We found increased coherence thresholds and a qualitatively different reflexive ocular tracking for global motion opposite to pursuit. Both effects suggest reduced sampling of motion opposite to pursuit, which results in an impaired ability to extract coherence in motion signals in the reafferent direction. We suggest that anisotropic motion integration is an adaptation to asymmetric retinal motion patterns experienced during pursuit eye movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides a new understanding of how the visual system achieves coherent perception of an object’s motion while the eyes themselves are moving. The visual system integrates local motion measurements to create a coherent percept of object motion. An analysis of perceptual judgments and reflexive eye movements to a brief change in an object’s global motion confirms that the visual and oculomotor systems pick fewer samples to extract global motion opposite to the eye movement.

scholarly journals Rhesus Monkeys Behave As If They Perceive the Duncker Illusion

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Z. Zivotofsky ◽  
M. E. Goldberg ◽  
K. D. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Retinal Motion ◽  
The World ◽  
Pattern Of Motion

The visual system uses the pattern of motion on the retina to analyze the motion of objects in the world, and the motion of the observer him/herself. Distinguishing between retinal motion evoked by movement of the retina in space and retinal motion evoked by movement of objects in the environment is computationally difficult, and the human visual system frequently misinterprets the meaning of retinal motion. In this study, we demonstrate that the visual system of the Rhesus monkey also misinterprets retinal motion. We show that monkeys erroneously report the trajectories of pursuit targets or their own pursuit eye movements during an epoch of smooth pursuit across an orthogonally moving background. Furthermore, when they make saccades to the spatial location of stimuli that flashed early in an epoch of smooth pursuit or fixation, they make large errors that appear to take into account the erroneous smooth eye movement that they report in the first experiment, and not the eye movement that they actually make.

Predicting 2D Target Velocity Cannot Help 2D Motion Integration for Smooth Pursuit Initiation

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 3545-3550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Montagnini ◽  
Miriam Spering ◽  
Guillaume S. Masson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Line Orientation ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Direction Error ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Pursuit Initiation ◽  
Motion Integration ◽  
Tracking Direction

Smooth pursuit eye movements reflect the temporal dynamics of bidimensional (2D) visual motion integration. When tracking a single, tilted line, initial pursuit direction is biased toward unidimensional (1D) edge motion signals, which are orthogonal to the line orientation. Over 200 ms, tracking direction is slowly corrected to finally match the 2D object motion during steady-state pursuit. We now show that repetition of line orientation and/or motion direction does not eliminate the transient tracking direction error nor change the time course of pursuit correction. Nonetheless, multiple successive presentations of a single orientation/direction condition elicit robust anticipatory pursuit eye movements that always go in the 2D object motion direction not the 1D edge motion direction. These results demonstrate that predictive signals about target motion cannot be used for an efficient integration of ambiguous velocity signals at pursuit initiation.

scholarly journals Role of Primate Cerebellar Hemisphere in Voluntary Eye Movement Control Revealed by Lesion Effects

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 934-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Ohki ◽  
Hiromasa Kitazawa ◽  
Takahito Hiramatsu ◽  
Kimitake Kaga ◽  
Taiko Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Target Velocity ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Catch Up

The anatomical connection between the frontal eye field and the cerebellar hemispheric lobule VII (H-VII) suggests a potential role of the hemisphere in voluntary eye movement control. To reveal the involvement of the hemisphere in smooth pursuit and saccade control, we made a unilateral lesion around H-VII and examined its effects in three Macaca fuscata that were trained to pursue visually a small target. To the step (3°)-ramp (5–20°/s) target motion, the monkeys usually showed an initial pursuit eye movement at a latency of 80–140 ms and a small catch-up saccade at 140–220 ms that was followed by a postsaccadic pursuit eye movement that roughly matched the ramp target velocity. After unilateral cerebellar hemispheric lesioning, the initial pursuit eye movements were impaired, and the velocities of the postsaccadic pursuit eye movements decreased. The onsets of 5° visually guided saccades to the stationary target were delayed, and their amplitudes showed a tendency of increased trial-to-trial variability but never became hypo- or hypermetric. Similar tendencies were observed in the onsets and amplitudes of catch-up saccades. The adaptation of open-loop smooth pursuit velocity, tested by a step increase in target velocity for a brief period, was impaired. These lesion effects were recognized in all directions, particularly in the ipsiversive direction. A recovery was observed at 4 wk postlesion for some of these lesion effects. These results suggest that the cerebellar hemispheric region around lobule VII is involved in the control of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements.

Smooth pursuit eye movements to extra-retinal motion signals: deficits in patients with schizophrenia

1999 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunvant K. Thaker ◽  
David E. Ross ◽  
Robert W. Buchanan ◽  
Helene M. Adami ◽  
Deborah R. Medoff
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Retinal Motion

scholarly journals Time course of spatiotopic updating across saccades

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2027-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper H. Fabius ◽  
Alessio Fracasso ◽  
Tanja C. W. Nijboer ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Brain

Humans move their eyes several times per second, yet we perceive the outside world as continuous despite the sudden disruptions created by each eye movement. To date, the mechanism that the brain employs to achieve visual continuity across eye movements remains unclear. While it has been proposed that the oculomotor system quickly updates and informs the visual system about the upcoming eye movement, behavioral studies investigating the time course of this updating suggest the involvement of a slow mechanism, estimated to take more than 500 ms to operate effectively. This is a surprisingly slow estimate, because both the visual system and the oculomotor system process information faster. If spatiotopic updating is indeed this slow, it cannot contribute to perceptual continuity, because it is outside the temporal regime of typical oculomotor behavior. Here, we argue that the behavioral paradigms that have been used previously are suboptimal to measure the speed of spatiotopic updating. In this study, we used a fast gaze-contingent paradigm, using high phi as a continuous stimulus across eye movements. We observed fast spatiotopic updating within 150 ms after stimulus onset. The results suggest the involvement of a fast updating mechanism that predictively influences visual perception after an eye movement. The temporal characteristics of this mechanism are compatible with the rate at which saccadic eye movements are typically observed in natural viewing.

scholarly journals The integration of local chromatic motion signals is sensitive to contrast polarity

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOPHIE M. WUERGER ◽  
ALEXA RUPPERTSBERG ◽  
STEPHANIE MALEK ◽  
MARCO BERTAMINI ◽  
JASNA MARTINOVIC
Keyword(s):  
Random Motion ◽  
Coherent Motion ◽  
Global Motion ◽  
Local Motion ◽  
Chromatic Contrast ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Contrast Polarity ◽  
Motion Integration ◽  
Integration Mechanisms ◽  
Contrast Thresholds

AbstractGlobal motion integration mechanisms can utilize signals defined by purely chromatic information. Is global motion integration sensitive to the polarity of such color signals? To answer this question, we employed isoluminant random dot kinematograms (RDKs) that contain a single chromatic contrast polarity or two different polarities. Single-polarity RDKs consisted of local motion signals with either a positive or a negative S or L–M component, while in the different-polarity RDKs, half the dots had a positive S or L–M component, and the other half had a negative S or L–M component. In all RDKs, the polarity and the motion direction of the local signals were uncorrelated. Observers discriminated between 50% coherent motion and random motion, and contrast thresholds were obtained for 81% correct responses. Contrast thresholds were obtained for three different dot densities (50, 100, and 200 dots). We report two main findings: (1) dependence on dot density is similar for both contrast polarities (+S vs. −S, +LM vs. −LM) but slightly steeper for S in comparison to LM and (2) thresholds for different-polarity RDKs are significantly higher than for single-polarity RDKs, which is inconsistent with a polarity-blind integration mechanism. We conclude that early motion integration mechanisms are sensitive to the polarity of the local motion signals and do not automatically integrate information across different polarities.

scholarly journals Presaccadic motion integration between current and future retinotopic locations of attended objects

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 1592-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Szinte ◽  
Donatas Jonikaitis ◽  
Martin Rolfs ◽  
Patrick Cavanagh ◽  
Heiner Deubel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Object Tracking ◽  
Coherent Motion ◽  
Motion Integration ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
The Future

Object tracking across eye movements is thought to rely on presaccadic updating of attention between the object's current and its “remapped” location (i.e., the postsaccadic retinotopic location). We report evidence for a bifocal, presaccadic sampling between these two positions. While preparing a saccade, participants viewed four spatially separated random dot kinematograms, one of which was cued by a colored flash. They reported the direction of a coherent motion signal at the cued location while a second signal occurred simultaneously either at the cue's remapped location or at one of several control locations. Motion integration between the signals occurred only when the two motion signals were congruent and were shown at the cue and at its remapped location. This shows that the visual system integrates features between both the current and the future retinotopic locations of an attended object and that such presaccadic sampling is feature specific.

scholarly journals Pursuit disorder and saccade dysmetria after caudal fastigial inactivation in the monkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1640-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Bourrelly ◽  
Julie Quinet ◽  
Laurent Goffart
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Slow Eye Movements

The caudal fastigial nuclei (cFN) are the output nuclei by which the medio-posterior cerebellum influences the production of saccadic and pursuit eye movements. We investigated the consequences of unilateral inactivation on the pursuit eye movement made immediately after an interceptive saccade toward a centrifugal target. We describe here the effects when the target moved along the horizontal meridian with a 10 or 20°/s speed. After muscimol injection, the monkeys were unable to track the present location of the moving target. During contralesional tracking, the velocity of postsaccadic pursuit was reduced. This slowing was associated with a hypometria of interceptive saccades such that gaze direction always lagged behind the moving target. No correlation was found between the sizes of saccade undershoot and the decreases in pursuit speed. During ipsilesional tracking, the effects on postsaccadic pursuit were variable across the injection sessions, whereas the interceptive saccades were consistently hypermetric. Here also, the ipsilesional pursuit disorder was not correlated with the saccade hypermetria either. The lack of correlation between the sizes of saccade dysmetria and changes of postsaccadic pursuit speed suggests that cFN activity exerts independent influences on the neural processes generating the saccadic and slow eye movements. It also suggests that the cFN is one locus where the synergy between the two motor categories develops in the context of tracking a moving visual target. We explain how the different fastigial output channels can account for these oculomotor tracking disorders. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inactivation of the caudal fastigial nucleus impairs the ability to track a moving target. The accuracy of interceptive saccades and the velocity of postsaccadic pursuit movements are both altered, but these changes are not correlated. This absence of correlation is not compatible with an impaired common command feeding the circuits producing saccadic and pursuit eye movements. However, it suggests an involvement of caudal fastigial nuclei in their synergy to accurately track a moving target.

scholarly journals Responses of Purkinje cells in the oculomotor vermis of monkeys during smooth pursuit eye movements and saccades: comparison with floccular complex

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 986-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramanujan T. Raghavan ◽  
Stephen G. Lisberger
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Oculomotor Vermis

The midline oculomotor cerebellum plays a different role in smooth pursuit eye movements compared with the lateral, floccular complex and appears to be much less involved in direction learning in pursuit. The output from the oculomotor vermis during pursuit lies along a null-axis for saccades and vice versa. Thus the vermis can play independent roles in the two kinds of eye movement.

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