scholarly journals Experience-dependent plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory intertectal inputs in Xenopus tadpoles

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 2281-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail C. Gambrill ◽  
Regina L. Faulkner ◽  
Hollis T. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Circuit Development ◽  
Tectal Neurons ◽  
Intertectal Connections ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

Communication between optic tecta/superior colliculi is thought to be required for sensorimotor behaviors by comparing inputs across the midline; however, the development of and the role of visual experience in the function and plasticity of intertectal connections are unclear. We combined neuronal labeling, in vivo time-lapse imaging, and electrophysiology to characterize the structural and functional development of intertectal axons and synapses in Xenopus tadpole optic tectum. We find that intertectal connections are established early during optic tectal circuit development. We determined the neurotransmitter identity of intertectal neurons using both rabies virus-mediated tracing combined with post hoc immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology. Excitatory and inhibitory intertectal neuronal somata are similarly distributed throughout the tectum. Excitatory and inhibitory intertectal axons are structurally similar and elaborate broadly in the contralateral tectum. We demonstrate that intertectal and retinotectal axons converge onto tectal neurons by recording postsynaptic currents after stimulating intertectal and retinotectal inputs. Cutting the intertectal commissure removes synaptic responses to contralateral tectal stimulation. In vivo time-lapse imaging demonstrated that visual experience drives plasticity in intertectal bouton size and dynamics. Finally, visual experience drives the maturation of excitatory intertectal inputs by increasing AMPA-to- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) ratios, comparable to experience-dependent maturation of retinotectal inputs, and coordinately increases intertectal GABA receptor-mediated currents. These data indicate that visual experience regulates plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory intertectal inputs, maintaining the balance of excitatory to inhibitory intertectal input. These studies place intertectal inputs as key players in tectal circuit development and suggest that they may play a role in sensory information processing critical to sensorimotor behaviors.

Bulk Dye Loading for In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Visual Responses in Populations of Xenopus Tectal Neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
pp. pdb.prot106831
Author(s):  
Peter W. Hogg ◽  
Kurt Haas
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Tectal Neurons ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Sensory Evoked ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

Bulk loading of neurons with fluorescent calcium indicators in transparent albino Xenopus tadpoles offers a rapid and easy method for tracking sensory-evoked activity in large numbers of neurons within an awake developing brain circuit. In vivo two-photon time-lapse imaging of an image plane through the optic tectum allows defining receptive field properties from visual-evoked responses for studies of single-neuron and network-level encoding and plasticity. Here, we describe loading the Xenopus tadpole optic tectum with the membrane-permeable AM ester of Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 (OGB-1 AM) for in vivo imaging experiments.

Topical Review: Neuronal Migration in Cortical Development

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-279
Author(s):  
Shigeaki Kanatani ◽  
Hidenori Tabata ◽  
Kazunori Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging ◽  
Mitotic Behavior

Cortical formation in the developing brain is a highly complicated process involving neuronal production (through symmetric or asymmetric cell division) interaction of radial glia with neuronal migration, and multiple modes of neuronal migration. It has been convincingly demonstrated by numerous studies that radial glial cells are neural stem cells. However, the processes by which neurons arise from radial glia and migrate to their final destinations in vivo are not yet fully understood. Recent studies using time-lapse imaging of neuronal migration are giving investigators an increasingly more detailed understanding of the mitotic behavior of radial glia and the migrating behavior of their daughter cells. In this review, we describe recent progress in elucidating neuronal migration in brain formation and how neuronal migration is disturbed by mutations in genes that control this process. ( J Child Neurol 2005;20:274—279).

scholarly journals Individual neuronal subtypes control initial myelin sheath growth and stabilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather N. Nelson ◽  
Anthony J. Treichel ◽  
Erin N. Eggum ◽  
Madeline R. Martell ◽  
Amanda J. Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Marked Individual ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Sheath Formation ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

Abstract Background In the developing central nervous system, pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes sample candidate nerve axons by extending and retracting process extensions. Some contacts stabilize, leading to the initiation of axon wrapping, nascent myelin sheath formation, concentric wrapping and sheath elongation, and sheath stabilization or pruning by oligodendrocytes. Although axonal signals influence the overall process of myelination, the precise oligodendrocyte behaviors that require signaling from axons are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated whether oligodendrocyte behaviors during the early events of myelination are mediated by an oligodendrocyte-intrinsic myelination program or are over-ridden by axonal factors. Methods To address this, we utilized in vivo time-lapse imaging in embryonic and larval zebrafish spinal cord during the initial hours and days of axon wrapping and myelination. Transgenic reporter lines marked individual axon subtypes or oligodendrocyte membranes. Results In the larval zebrafish spinal cord, individual axon subtypes supported distinct nascent sheath growth rates and stabilization frequencies. Oligodendrocytes ensheathed individual axon subtypes at different rates during a two-day period after initial axon wrapping. When descending reticulospinal axons were ablated, local spinal axons supported a constant ensheathment rate despite the increased ratio of oligodendrocytes to target axons. Conclusion We conclude that properties of individual axon subtypes instruct oligodendrocyte behaviors during initial stages of myelination by differentially controlling nascent sheath growth and stabilization.

In Vivo Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Development inXenopus

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (9) ◽  
pp. pdb.top077156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward S. Ruthazer ◽  
Anne Schohl ◽  
Neil Schwartz ◽  
Aydin Tavakoli ◽  
Marc Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

Are We Ready to investigate Cognitive Function of Fetal Brain? The Role of Advanced Four-dimensional Sonography

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Salihagic Kadic ◽  
Lara Spalldi Barisic
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
4D Ultrasound ◽  
And Behavior

ABATRACT Human brain is fascinating organ in so many ways. Some of its cognitive functions, such as ability to learn, memorize, think, percept different sensations, such as pain, to have emotion, process audio-visual inputs, and to coordinate reaction and movements have been subjects of studies for many years. Yet, till recently, we could only make assumptions about prenatal activities, interactions and its construction of complex structures in the time frame of antenatal life. With the prenatal assessment (sonoembryology, neurosonoembryology, KANET test, etc.) by latest advanced HDlive, Silhouette and Flow 3D/4D imaging there is possibility to follow in continuity normal structural and functional development from the early beginnings of “life” and on the other hand consider what might be different (not necessarily abnormal) and deviate from normal development and behavior. On this way, we are able to supplement knowledge of fundamental building blocks of development of fetal cognitive functions, to pay more attention and follow up fetuses at higher risk and finally find some of the possible origins of cognitive dysfunctions which may manifest in childhood or later in life.82 With the introduction of different 3D/4D ultrasound modes we have ability to observe all of this in vivo while emerging, and make “time-lapse” of fetal neurodevelopment and behavior in correlation to its cognitive functional development How to cite this article Kurjak A, Spalldi Barisic L, Stanojevic M, Salihagic Kadic A, Porovic S. Are We Ready to investigate Cognitive Function of Fetal Brain? The Role of Advanced Fourdimensional Sonography. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):116-124.

scholarly journals Sindbis Virus-Induced Neuronal Death Is both Necrotic and Apoptotic and Is Ameliorated byN-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (15) ◽  
pp. 7114-7121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Nargi-Aizenman ◽  
Diane E. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Apoptotic Cell Death ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging ◽  
Alphavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Virus infection of neurons leads to different outcomes ranging from latent and noncytolytic infection to cell death. Viruses kill neurons directly by inducing either apoptosis or necrosis or indirectly as a result of the host immune response. Sindbis virus (SV) is an alphavirus that induces apoptotic cell death both in vitro and in vivo. However, apoptotic changes are not always evident in neurons induced to die by alphavirus infection. Time lapse imaging revealed that SV-infected primary cortical neurons exhibited both apoptotic and necrotic morphological features and that uninfected neurons in the cultures also died. Antagonists of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors protected neurons from SV-induced death without affecting virus replication or SV-induced apoptotic cell death. These results provide evidence that SV infection activates neurotoxic pathways that result in aberrant NMDA receptor stimulation and damage to infected and uninfected neurons.

scholarly journals In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

10.3791/50905 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Sonego ◽  
Ya Zhou ◽  
Madeleine Julie Oudin ◽  
Patrick Doherty ◽  
Giovanna Lalli
Keyword(s):  
Brain Slices ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Neuroblast Migration ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

In vivo time-lapse imaging of mitochondria in healthy and diseased peripheral myelin sheath

Mitochondrion ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Gonzalez ◽  
Ruani Fernando ◽  
Jade Berthelot ◽  
Claire Perrin-Tricaud ◽  
Emmanuelle Sarzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

scholarly journals Long-term in vivo time-lapse imaging of synapse development and plasticity in the cerebellum

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Nishiyama ◽  
Jeremy Colonna ◽  
Elise Shen ◽  
Jennifer Carrillo ◽  
Hiroshi Nishiyama
Keyword(s):  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Cerebellar Neurons ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging ◽  
Synaptic Circuitry

Synapses are continuously formed and eliminated throughout life in the mammalian brain, and emerging evidence suggests that this structural plasticity underlies experience-dependent changes of brain functions such as learning and long-term memory formation. However, it is generally difficult to understand how the rewiring of synaptic circuitry observed in vivo eventually relates to changes in animal's behavior. This is because afferent/efferent connections and local synaptic circuitries are very complicated in most brain regions, hence it is largely unclear how sensorimotor information is conveyed, integrated, and processed through a brain region that is imaged. The cerebellar cortex provides a particularly useful model to challenge this problem because of its simple and well-defined synaptic circuitry. However, owing to the technical difficulty of chronic in vivo imaging in the cerebellum, it remains unclear how cerebellar neurons dynamically change their structures over a long period of time. Here, we showed that the commonly used method for neocortical in vivo imaging was not ideal for long-term imaging of cerebellar neurons, but simple optimization of the procedure significantly improved the success rate and the maximum time window of chronic imaging. The optimized method can be used in both neonatal and adult mice and allows time-lapse imaging of cerebellar neurons for more than 5 mo in ∼80% of animals. This method allows vital observation of dynamic cellular processes such as developmental refinement of synaptic circuitry as well as long-term changes of neuronal structures in adult cerebellum under longitudinal behavioral manipulations.

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