Topical Review: Neuronal Migration in Cortical Development

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-279
Author(s):  
Shigeaki Kanatani ◽  
Hidenori Tabata ◽  
Kazunori Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging ◽  
Mitotic Behavior

Cortical formation in the developing brain is a highly complicated process involving neuronal production (through symmetric or asymmetric cell division) interaction of radial glia with neuronal migration, and multiple modes of neuronal migration. It has been convincingly demonstrated by numerous studies that radial glial cells are neural stem cells. However, the processes by which neurons arise from radial glia and migrate to their final destinations in vivo are not yet fully understood. Recent studies using time-lapse imaging of neuronal migration are giving investigators an increasingly more detailed understanding of the mitotic behavior of radial glia and the migrating behavior of their daughter cells. In this review, we describe recent progress in elucidating neuronal migration in brain formation and how neuronal migration is disturbed by mutations in genes that control this process. ( J Child Neurol 2005;20:274—279).

scholarly journals Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytoplasmic Par-3 that recruits dynein during asymmetric cell division

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. eabg1244
Author(s):  
Xiang Zhao ◽  
Jason Q. Garcia ◽  
Kai Tong ◽  
Xingye Chen ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Dynein Motor ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

In the developing embryos, the cortical polarity regulator Par-3 is critical for establishing Notch signaling asymmetry between daughter cells during asymmetric cell division (ACD). How cortically localized Par-3 establishes asymmetric Notch activity in the nucleus is not understood. Here, using in vivo time-lapse imaging of mitotic radial glia progenitors in the developing zebrafish forebrain, we uncover that during horizontal ACD along the anteroposterior embryonic axis, endosomes containing the Notch ligand DeltaD (Dld) move toward the cleavage plane and preferentially segregate into the posterior (subsequently basal) Notchhi daughter. This asymmetric segregation requires the activity of Par-3 and dynein motor complex. Using label retention expansion microscopy, we further detect Par-3 in the cytosol colocalizing the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (Dlic1) onto Dld endosomes. Par-3, Dlic1, and Dld are associated in protein complexes in vivo. Our data reveal an unanticipated mechanism by which cytoplasmic Par-3 directly polarizes Notch signaling components during ACD.

scholarly journals Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytosolic Par-3 and dynein during asymmetric division

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Zhao ◽  
Kai Tong ◽  
Xingye Chen ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Dynein Motor ◽  
Fate Decision ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractAsymmetric cell division (ACD), which produces two daughters with different fates, is fundamental for generating cellular diversity. In the developing embryos of both invertebrates and vertebrates, asymmetrically dividing progenitors generate daughter cells with differential activity of Notch signaling1–7, a key regulator of cell fate decisions8,9. The cell polarity regulator Par-3 is critical for establishing this Notch asymmetry1,4,6, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, employing in vivo time-lapse imaging in the developing zebrafish forebrain during the mitotic cycle of radial glia, the principal vertebrate neural stem cells10,11, we show that during ACD, endosomes containing the Notch ligand Delta D (Dld) undergo convergent movement toward the cleavage plane, followed by preferential segregation into the posterior (and subsequently basal) Notchhi daughter. This asymmetric segregation requires the activity of Par-3 and the dynein motor complex. Employing label-retention expansion microscopy, we further detect Par-3 in the cytosol in association with the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (DLIC1) on Dld endosomes, suggesting a direct involvement of Par-3 in dynein-mediated polarized transport of Notch signaling endosomes. Our data reveal an unanticipated mechanism by which Par-3 regulates cell fate decision by directly polarizing Notch signaling components during ACD.

scholarly journals The dynamic interplay between ATP/ADP levels and autophagy sustain neuronal migration in vivo

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Bressan ◽  
Alessandra Pecora ◽  
Dave Gagnon ◽  
Marina Snapyan ◽  
Simon Labrecque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging ◽  
Migratory Stream ◽  
Migrating Cells

Cell migration is a dynamic process that entails extensive protein synthesis and recycling, structural remodeling, and considerable bioenergetic demand. Autophagy is one of the pathways that maintain cellular homeostasis. Time-lapse imaging of autophagosomes and ATP/ADP levels in migrating cells in the rostral migratory stream of mouse revealed that decreases in ATP levels force cells into the stationary phase and induce autophagy. Pharmacological or genetic impairments of autophagy in neuroblasts using either bafilomycin, inducible conditional mice, or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing decreased cell migration due to the longer duration of the stationary phase. Autophagy is modulated in response to migration-promoting and inhibiting molecular cues and is required for the recycling of focal adhesions. Our results show that autophagy and energy consumption act in concert in migrating cells to dynamically regulate the pace and periodicity of the migratory and stationary phases to sustain neuronal migration.

scholarly journals Transcriptional priming as a conserved mechanism of lineage diversification in the developing mouse and human neocortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (45) ◽  
pp. eabd2068
Author(s):  
Zhen Li ◽  
William A. Tyler ◽  
Ella Zeldich ◽  
Gabriel Santpere Baró ◽  
Mayumi Okamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Human Neocortex ◽  
Intermediate Progenitors ◽  
Cell Diversity ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Lineage Diversification

How the rich variety of neurons in the nervous system arises from neural stem cells is not well understood. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing and in vivo confirmation, we uncover previously unrecognized neural stem and progenitor cell diversity within the fetal mouse and human neocortex, including multiple types of radial glia and intermediate progenitors. We also observed that transcriptional priming underlies the diversification of a subset of ventricular radial glial cells in both species; genetic fate mapping confirms that the primed radial glial cells generate specific types of basal progenitors and neurons. The different precursor lineages therefore diversify streams of cell production in the developing murine and human neocortex. These data show that transcriptional priming is likely a conserved mechanism of mammalian neural precursor lineage specialization.

scholarly journals Crucial Roles of the Arp2/3 Complex during Mammalian Corticogenesis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Shan Wang ◽  
Fu-Sheng Chou ◽  
Fengli Guo ◽  
Praveen Suraneni ◽  
Sheng Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
Altered Cell ◽  
Actin Nucleator

The polarity and organization of radial glial cells (RGCs), which serve as both stem cells and scaffolds for neuronal migration, are crucial for cortical development. However, the cytoskeletal mechanisms that drive radial glial outgrowth and maintain RGC polarity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the Arp2/3 complex, the unique actin nucleator that produces branched actin networks, plays essential roles in RGC polarity and morphogenesis. Disruption of the Arp2/3 complex in RGCs retards process outgrowth toward the basal surface and impairs apical polarity and adherens junctions. Whereas the former is correlated with abnormal actin-based leading edge, the latter is consistent with blockage in membrane trafficking. These defects result in altered cell fate, disrupted cortical lamination and abnormal angiogenesis. In addition, we present evidence that the Arp2/3 complex is a cell-autonomous regulator of neuronal migration. Our data suggest that Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly may be particularly important for neuronal cell motility in soft or poorly adhesive matrix environment.

scholarly journals Individual neuronal subtypes control initial myelin sheath growth and stabilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather N. Nelson ◽  
Anthony J. Treichel ◽  
Erin N. Eggum ◽  
Madeline R. Martell ◽  
Amanda J. Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Marked Individual ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Sheath Formation ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

Abstract Background In the developing central nervous system, pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes sample candidate nerve axons by extending and retracting process extensions. Some contacts stabilize, leading to the initiation of axon wrapping, nascent myelin sheath formation, concentric wrapping and sheath elongation, and sheath stabilization or pruning by oligodendrocytes. Although axonal signals influence the overall process of myelination, the precise oligodendrocyte behaviors that require signaling from axons are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated whether oligodendrocyte behaviors during the early events of myelination are mediated by an oligodendrocyte-intrinsic myelination program or are over-ridden by axonal factors. Methods To address this, we utilized in vivo time-lapse imaging in embryonic and larval zebrafish spinal cord during the initial hours and days of axon wrapping and myelination. Transgenic reporter lines marked individual axon subtypes or oligodendrocyte membranes. Results In the larval zebrafish spinal cord, individual axon subtypes supported distinct nascent sheath growth rates and stabilization frequencies. Oligodendrocytes ensheathed individual axon subtypes at different rates during a two-day period after initial axon wrapping. When descending reticulospinal axons were ablated, local spinal axons supported a constant ensheathment rate despite the increased ratio of oligodendrocytes to target axons. Conclusion We conclude that properties of individual axon subtypes instruct oligodendrocyte behaviors during initial stages of myelination by differentially controlling nascent sheath growth and stabilization.

scholarly journals Radial glial cells in the adult dentate gyrus: what are they and where do they come from?

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Berg ◽  
Allison M. Bond ◽  
Guo-li Ming ◽  
Hongjun Song
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Neural Precursor Cells ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Subgranular Zone ◽  
Adult Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Embryonic Origin ◽  
Radial Glial

Adult neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus in the mammalian hippocampus. These new neurons arise from neural precursor cells named radial glia-like cells, which are situated in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Here, we review the emerging topic of precursor heterogeneity in the adult subgranular zone. We also discuss how this heterogeneity may be established during development and focus on the embryonic origin of the dentate gyrus and radial glia-like stem cells. Finally, we discuss recently developed single-cell techniques, which we believe will be critical to comprehensively investigate adult neural stem cell origin and heterogeneity.

In Vivo Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Development inXenopus

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (9) ◽  
pp. pdb.top077156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward S. Ruthazer ◽  
Anne Schohl ◽  
Neil Schwartz ◽  
Aydin Tavakoli ◽  
Marc Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

scholarly journals Sindbis Virus-Induced Neuronal Death Is both Necrotic and Apoptotic and Is Ameliorated byN-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (15) ◽  
pp. 7114-7121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Nargi-Aizenman ◽  
Diane E. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Apoptotic Cell Death ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging ◽  
Alphavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Virus infection of neurons leads to different outcomes ranging from latent and noncytolytic infection to cell death. Viruses kill neurons directly by inducing either apoptosis or necrosis or indirectly as a result of the host immune response. Sindbis virus (SV) is an alphavirus that induces apoptotic cell death both in vitro and in vivo. However, apoptotic changes are not always evident in neurons induced to die by alphavirus infection. Time lapse imaging revealed that SV-infected primary cortical neurons exhibited both apoptotic and necrotic morphological features and that uninfected neurons in the cultures also died. Antagonists of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors protected neurons from SV-induced death without affecting virus replication or SV-induced apoptotic cell death. These results provide evidence that SV infection activates neurotoxic pathways that result in aberrant NMDA receptor stimulation and damage to infected and uninfected neurons.

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