Activation on the Medial Wall During Remembered Sequences of Reaching Movements in Monkeys

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 2197-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Picard ◽  
Peter L. Strick
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Medial Wall ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Face Representation ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
Medial Area ◽  
Motor Areas

Picard, Nathalie and Peter L. Strick. Activation on the medial wall during remembered sequences of reaching movements in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2197–2201, 1997. We used the 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) method to map activation in the motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere. One group of monkeys licked juice delivered at variable time intervals (LICK task). For these animals, the motor areas on the medial wall displayed restricted activation. 2DG uptake was limited largely to the face representation of the supplementary motor area (SMA). Additional labeling was present more rostrally in the banks of the cingulate sulcus. A second group of animals performed remembered sequences of reaching movements (REM task) for juice rewards. Activation related to licking also was present in this group. In addition, separate, discrete activations were found on the superior frontal gyrus and in the cingulate sulcus during the REM task. The most intense and extensive 2DG labeling was located in the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, coincident with the dorsal cingulate motor area (CMAd). Weaker activations were present in the arm area of the SMA and in the pre-SMA. There was no significant 2DG incorporation in the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus where the ventral cingulate motor area is located. Our findings suggest that the CMAd is involved more than any other medial area in the preparation for and/or execution of highly practiced, remembered sequences of movements. Overall, our results indicate that the attributes of motor control are not represented equally across the motor areas on the medial wall.

Emulation of kinesthesia during motor imagery

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norihiro Sadato ◽  
Eiichi Naito
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Tendon Vibration ◽  
Dorsal Premotor Cortex ◽  
Mental Rehearsal ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
Motor Areas

Illusory kinesthetic sensation was influenced by motor imagery of the wrist following tendon vibration. The imagery and the illusion conditions commonly activated the contralateral cingulate motor area, supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor cortex, and ipsilateral cerebellum. This supports the notion that motor imagery is a mental rehearsal of movement, during which expected kinesthetic sensation is emulated by recruiting multiple motor areas, commonly activated by pure kinesthesia.

scholarly journals Early and Late Changes in the Distal Forelimb Representation of the Supplementary Motor Area After Injury to Frontal Motor Areas in the Squirrel Monkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 1498-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Eisner-Janowicz ◽  
Scott Barbay ◽  
Erica Hoover ◽  
Ann M. Stowe ◽  
Shawn B. Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Behavioral Recovery ◽  
Retrieval Task ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Motor Areas

Neuroimaging studies in stroke survivors have suggested that adaptive plasticity occurs following stroke. However, the complex temporal dynamics of neural reorganization after injury make the interpretation of functional imaging studies equivocal. In the present study in adult squirrel monkeys, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) techniques were used to monitor changes in representational maps of the distal forelimb in the supplementary motor area (SMA) after a unilateral ischemic infarct of primary motor (M1) and premotor distal forelimb representations (DFLs). In each animal, ICMS maps were derived at early (3 wk) and late (13 wk) postinfarct stages. Lesions resulted in severe deficits in motor abilities on a reach and retrieval task. Limited behavioral recovery occurred and plateaued at 3 wk postinfarct. At both early and late postinfarct stages, distal forelimb movements could still be evoked by ICMS in SMA at low current levels. However, the size of the SMA DFL changed after the infarct. In particular, wrist-forearm representations enlarged significantly between early and late stages, attaining a size substantially larger than the preinfarct area. At the late postinfarct stage, the expansion in the SMA DFL area was directly proportional to the absolute size of the lesion. The motor performance scores were positively correlated to the absolute size of the SMA DFL at the late postinfarct stage. Together, these data suggest that, at least in squirrel monkeys, descending output from M1 and dorsal and ventral premotor cortices is not necessary for SMA representations to be maintained and that SMA motor output maps undergo delayed increases in representational area after damage to other motor areas. Finally, the role of SMA in recovery of function after such lesions remains unclear because behavioral recovery appears to precede neurophysiological map changes.

scholarly journals Role of the supplementary motor area during reproduction of supra-second time intervals: An intracerebral EEG study

NeuroImage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 403-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micha Pfeuty ◽  
Vincent Monfort ◽  
Madelyne Klein ◽  
Julien Krieg ◽  
Steffie Collé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Intracerebral Eeg

Covert Representation of Second-Next Movement in the Pre-Supplementary Motor Area of Monkeys

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1883-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshi Nakajima ◽  
Ryosuke Hosaka ◽  
Hajime Mushiake ◽  
Jun Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Preparatory Activity ◽  
Motor Areas

We attempted to analyze the nature of premovement activity of neurons in medial motor areas [supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA] from a perspective of coding multiple movements. Monkeys were trained to perform a series of two movements with an intervening delay: supination or pronation with either forearm. Movements were initially instructed with visual signals but had to be remembered thereafter. Although a well-known type of premovement activity representing the forthcoming movements was found in the two areas, we found an unexpected type of activity that represented a second-next movement before initiating the first of the two movements. Typically in the pre-SMA, such activity selective for the second-next movement peaked before the initiation of the first movement, decayed thereafter, and remained low in magnitude while initiating the second movement. This type of activity may tentatively hold information for the second movement while initiating the first. That information may be fed into another group of neurons that themselves build a preparatory activity required to plan the second movements. Alternatively, the activity could serve as a signal to inhibit a premature exertion of the motor command for the second movement.

scholarly journals Distinct neuronal organizations of the caudal cingulate motor area and supplementary motor area in monkeys for ipsilateral and contralateral hand movements

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 2845-2858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Nakayama ◽  
Osamu Yokoyama ◽  
Eiji Hoshi
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
Contralateral Hand ◽  
Hand Preferences

The caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) play important roles in movement execution. The present study aimed to characterize the functional organization of these regions during movement by investigating laterality representations in the CMAc and SMA of monkeys via an examination of neuronal activity during a button press movement with either the right or left hand. Three types of movement-related neuronal activity were observed: 1) with only the contralateral hand, 2) with only the ipsilateral hand, and 3) with either hand. Neurons in the CMAc represented contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements to the same degree, whereas neuronal representations in the SMA were biased toward contralateral hand movement. Furthermore, recording neuronal activities using a linear-array multicontact electrode with 24 contacts spaced 150 μm apart allowed us to analyze the spatial distribution of neurons exhibiting particular hand preferences at the submillimeter scale. The CMAc and SMA displayed distinct microarchitectural organizations. The contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral CMAc neurons were distributed homogeneously, whereas SMA neurons exhibiting identical hand preferences tended to cluster. These findings indicate that the CMAc, which is functionally organized in a less structured manner than the SMA is, controls contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements in a counterbalanced fashion, whereas the SMA, which is more structured, preferentially controls contralateral hand movements.

Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Roland ◽  
B. Larsen ◽  
N. A. Lassen ◽  
E. Skinhoj
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Primary Motor Area ◽  
Cerebral Metabolic Rate ◽  
Hand Area ◽  
Motor Areas

1. Previous studies in man have revealed a coupling between the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the regional cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. In normal man, increases in the regional cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen leads to proportional increases in the rCBF(34). We have measured the rCBF as an expression of the level of cortical activity simultaneously from 254 cortical regions in 28 patients with no major neurological defects, during rest and during planning and execution of a few types of learned voluntary movements with the hand. 2. We found that the rCBF increases exclusively in the supplementary motor area while subjects were programming a sequence of fast isolated movements of individual fingers, without actually executing it. 3. During execution of the same motor sequence, there were equivalent increases of the rCBF in both supplementary motor areas, but only in the contralateral primary motor area. In addition, there were more modest rCBF increases in the contralateral sensory hand area, the convexity part of the premotor area, and bilaterally in the inferior frontal region. 4. Repetitive fast flexions of the same finger or a sustained isometric muscular contraction raise the blood flow in the contralateral primary motor and sensory hand area. 5. A pure somatosensory discrimination of the shapes of objects, without any concomitant voluntary movements, also leaves the supplementary motor areas silent. 6. We conclude that the primary motor area and the part of the motor system it projects to by itself can control ongoing simple ballistic movements with the self-same body part. A sequence of different isolated finger movements requires programming in the supplementary motor areas. We suggest that the supplementary motor areas are programming areas for motor subroutines and that these areas form a queue of time-ordered motor commands before voluntary movement are executed by way of the primary motor area.

scholarly journals Effect of Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on a Child with Involuntary Movement after Hypoxic Encephalopathy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Nagai ◽  
Naofumi Tanaka ◽  
Yutaka Oouchida ◽  
Shin-Ichi Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Involuntary Movement ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Hypoxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Cathodal Stimulation ◽  
Motor Areas

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the supplementary motor area to inhibit involuntary movements of a child. An 8-year-old boy who developed hypoxic encephalopathy after asphyxia at the age of 2 had difficulty in remaining standing without support because of involuntary movements. He was instructed to remain standing with his plastic ankle-foot orthosis for 10 s at three time points by leaning forward with his forearms on a desk. He received cathodal or sham transcranial direct current stimulation to the supplementary motor area at 1 mA for 10 min. Involuntary movements during standing were measured using an accelerometer attached to his forehead. The low-frequency power of involuntary movements during cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation significantly decreased compared with that during sham stimulation. No adverse effects were observed. Involuntary movement reduction by cathodal stimulation to supplementary motor areas suggests that stimulations modulated the corticobasal ganglia motor circuit. Cathodal stimulation to supplementary motor areas may be effective for reducing involuntary movements and may be safely applied to children with movement disorders.

scholarly journals Audio and visual speech emotion activates the left pre-supplementary motor area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Rovetti ◽  
Francesca Copelli ◽  
Frank Russo
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Visual Speech ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Speech Emotion Recognition ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Voice

Sensorimotor brain areas have been implicated in the recognition of emotion expressed on the face and through non-verbal vocalizations. However, no previous study has assessed whether sensorimotor cortices are recruited during the perception of emotion in speech, a signal that includes both audio (speech sounds) and visual (facial speech movements) components. To address this gap in the literature, we recruited 24 participants to listen to speech clips expressed in a way that was either a happy, sad, or neutral. These stimuli were also presented in one of three modalities: audio-only (hearing the voice but not seeing the face), video-only (seeing the face but not hearing the voice), or audiovisual. Brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography, subjected to independent component analysis, and source-localized. We found that the left pre-supplementary motor area was more active in response to happy and sad stimuli than neutral stimuli, as indexed by greater mu event-related desynchronization. This effect did not differ by the sensory modality of the stimuli. Activity levels in other sensorimotor brain areas did not differ by emotion, although they were greatest in response to visual-only and audiovisual stimuli. One possible explanation for the pre-SMA result is that this brain area may actively support speech emotion recognition by using our extensive experience expressing emotion to generate sensory predictions that in turn guide our perception.

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