scholarly journals Blood Glucose Dynamics and Control of Meal Initiation: A Pattern Detection and Recognition Theory

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Arthur Campfield ◽  
Françoise J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Dynamics And Control

A new framework for understanding the control of feeding behavior, with special emphasis on the evolution of hunger, the initiation of feeding, and its dependence on patterns of blood glucose, is the subject of this review. A perspective on the current status and future directions of this search for a more complete understanding of the regulation of feeding behavior in laboratory rats and humans is presented including theoretical and experimental components. First, a historical perspective on the role of blood glucose in the control of feeding is presented. Next, the theoretical approaches that have been applied to the control of feeding and had a strong influence on experimental feeding research are summarized. This is followed by a statement and overview of a current theory that has emerged from studies of the role of transient declines in blood glucose in the control of meal initiation. The current working hypothesis that transient declines in blood glucose are endogenous metabolic patterns that are detected and recognized by the central nervous system and are mapped into meal initiation in rats and are correlated with meal requests in humans are then presented. Then, the experimental studies on meal initiation and its dependence on patterns of blood glucose, first in rats and then in humans, are reviewed in detail. Finally, the future directions of the work, limitations, and the implications for the understanding of the control of feeding behavior and the regulation of energy balance are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Space Observations in The Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quantities

1985 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 209-224
Author(s):  
Arthur D. Code
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Composite Systems ◽  
Early Type Stars ◽  
Stellar Properties ◽  
Ultraviolet Observations ◽  
Space Observations

This paper summarizes the current status of ultraviolet spectrophotometry with emphasis on the instrumental characteristics unique to space observations and on the application of existing data to the calibration of stellar properties. The currently available data bases will be briefly reviewed. When combined with ground based data, ultraviolet observations provide information on effective temperatures and bolometric corrections for early type stars and on the nature of the intervening interstellar medium. The ultraviolet measurements are sensitive to chemical composition differences and provide a powerful tool in discussion of stellar evolution in composite systems. This review concludes with a brief discussion of future directions in instrumentation and analysis.

scholarly journals The role of business in building a sustainable economy: Current status and future directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-124
Author(s):  
Rade Glomazic ◽  
Susannah Goh ◽  
Aoife O'Brien ◽  
Deb Conner ◽  
Julio Bin
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Sustainable Economy

Role of Microdialysis in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Current Status and Future Directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Johansson Azeredo ◽  
Teresa Dalla Costa ◽  
Hartmut Derendorf
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Future Directions

scholarly journals Fructo-oligosaccharide effects on blood glucose: an overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciana Teixeira Costa ◽  
Sergio Botelho Guimarães ◽  
Helena Alves de Carvalho Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
Diabetes Type Ii ◽  
Fecal Content ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Number Of Individuals

PURPOSE: To identify the current status of scientific knowledge in fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), non-conventional sugars that play an important role in glycemia control. METHODS: We performed a search for scientific articles in MEDLINE and LILACS databases, from January 1962 to December 2011, using English/Portuguese key words: "blood glucose/glicemia", "prebiotics/prebióticos" and "dietary fiber/fibras na dieta". From an initial number of 434 references, some repeated, 43 references published from 1962 to 2011 were included in this study. The selected texts were distributed in three topics: (1) metabolism of FOS, (2) FOS and experimental studies involving glucose and (3) human studies involving glucose and FOS. RESULTS: Five studies have shown that the use of FOS reduces the fecal content and increases intestinal transit time. Experimental studies have shown that dietary supplementation with high doses (60 g/Kg) of propionate, a short-chain fatty acid decreased glycemia. The use of lower doses (3 g/kg) did not produce the same results. Study in subjects with diabetes type II showed that the addition of 8 grams of FOS in the diet for 14 days, caused a reduction in serum glucose. In another study with healthy subjects, there were no changes in glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrates that consumption of FOS has a beneficial influence on glucose metabolism. The controversies appear to be due to inadequate methodological designs and/or the small number of individuals included in some studies.

scholarly journals The impact of thin ideal images on mood: what role do demand characteristics play?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Vahedi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Media Images ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Fashion Magazines ◽  
True Purpose ◽  
Undergraduate Female ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Previous research has shown that female viewers generally experience detrimental effects following exposure to idealized media images. However, in experimental studies, demand characteristics – or cues that help the participant deduce the true purpose of the study – might influence the responses participants provide, particularly in studies involving idealized images. The present study investigated the potential role of demand characteristics following exposure to media images. Undergraduate female students (N = 172) were assigned to three groups (Implied Demand, Minimized Demand and Control), two of which were exposed to idealized media images in fashion magazines. Demand characteristics were manipulated when the experimenter provided the magazines during a break period, and participants’ mood was assessed both pre and post-exposure. Contrary to previous research, our results indicated that exposure to magazine images did not have consistently detrimental effects on the measures of participants’ mood. Potential explanations for these results and future directions of research are discussed.

scholarly journals The impact of thin ideal images on mood: what role do demand characteristics play?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Vahedi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Media Images ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Fashion Magazines ◽  
True Purpose ◽  
Undergraduate Female ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Previous research has shown that female viewers generally experience detrimental effects following exposure to idealized media images. However, in experimental studies, demand characteristics – or cues that help the participant deduce the true purpose of the study – might influence the responses participants provide, particularly in studies involving idealized images. The present study investigated the potential role of demand characteristics following exposure to media images. Undergraduate female students (N = 172) were assigned to three groups (Implied Demand, Minimized Demand and Control), two of which were exposed to idealized media images in fashion magazines. Demand characteristics were manipulated when the experimenter provided the magazines during a break period, and participants’ mood was assessed both pre and post-exposure. Contrary to previous research, our results indicated that exposure to magazine images did not have consistently detrimental effects on the measures of participants’ mood. Potential explanations for these results and future directions of research are discussed.

The nature of evolution and adaptation: resolving the unity–diversity paradox

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1146-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Biochemical Adaptation ◽  
Biochemical Systems ◽  
Regulatory Loci ◽  
Selection For

The concept of the unity of biochemical structures and functions creates the problem for biology of how to account for the pervasive species diversity and obvious adaptedness of living systems. A review of the current literature indicates that four principles, (i) the principle of conservation of critical sequences in both structural and regulatory loci, (ii) the principle of unique assembly of parts via unique (tissue-specific and temporal) activation of regulatory loci, (iii) the principle of genetic innovation via mechanisms internal or external to the genome, and (iv) the principle of biochemical adaptation via selection for favourable alleles of structural and regulatory genes or selection for advantageous genetic innovations, seem capable of resolving the paradox of the unity of biochemical systems despite patently vast species diversity and species adaptation. Evaluation of the current status of each of these principles suggests the especial need for more experimental studies of the role of regulatory loci in species diversification and adaptation.

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