scholarly journals Fructo-oligosaccharide effects on blood glucose: an overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciana Teixeira Costa ◽  
Sergio Botelho Guimarães ◽  
Helena Alves de Carvalho Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
Diabetes Type Ii ◽  
Fecal Content ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Number Of Individuals

PURPOSE: To identify the current status of scientific knowledge in fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), non-conventional sugars that play an important role in glycemia control. METHODS: We performed a search for scientific articles in MEDLINE and LILACS databases, from January 1962 to December 2011, using English/Portuguese key words: "blood glucose/glicemia", "prebiotics/prebióticos" and "dietary fiber/fibras na dieta". From an initial number of 434 references, some repeated, 43 references published from 1962 to 2011 were included in this study. The selected texts were distributed in three topics: (1) metabolism of FOS, (2) FOS and experimental studies involving glucose and (3) human studies involving glucose and FOS. RESULTS: Five studies have shown that the use of FOS reduces the fecal content and increases intestinal transit time. Experimental studies have shown that dietary supplementation with high doses (60 g/Kg) of propionate, a short-chain fatty acid decreased glycemia. The use of lower doses (3 g/kg) did not produce the same results. Study in subjects with diabetes type II showed that the addition of 8 grams of FOS in the diet for 14 days, caused a reduction in serum glucose. In another study with healthy subjects, there were no changes in glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrates that consumption of FOS has a beneficial influence on glucose metabolism. The controversies appear to be due to inadequate methodological designs and/or the small number of individuals included in some studies.

scholarly journals Blood Glucose Dynamics and Control of Meal Initiation: A Pattern Detection and Recognition Theory

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Arthur Campfield ◽  
Françoise J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Dynamics And Control

A new framework for understanding the control of feeding behavior, with special emphasis on the evolution of hunger, the initiation of feeding, and its dependence on patterns of blood glucose, is the subject of this review. A perspective on the current status and future directions of this search for a more complete understanding of the regulation of feeding behavior in laboratory rats and humans is presented including theoretical and experimental components. First, a historical perspective on the role of blood glucose in the control of feeding is presented. Next, the theoretical approaches that have been applied to the control of feeding and had a strong influence on experimental feeding research are summarized. This is followed by a statement and overview of a current theory that has emerged from studies of the role of transient declines in blood glucose in the control of meal initiation. The current working hypothesis that transient declines in blood glucose are endogenous metabolic patterns that are detected and recognized by the central nervous system and are mapped into meal initiation in rats and are correlated with meal requests in humans are then presented. Then, the experimental studies on meal initiation and its dependence on patterns of blood glucose, first in rats and then in humans, are reviewed in detail. Finally, the future directions of the work, limitations, and the implications for the understanding of the control of feeding behavior and the regulation of energy balance are discussed.

scholarly journals Exendin-4 increases blood glucose levels acutely in rats by activation of the sympathetic nervous system

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (5) ◽  
pp. E1088-E1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Pérez-Tilve ◽  
Lucas González-Matías ◽  
Benedikt A. Aulinger ◽  
Mayte Alvarez-Crespo ◽  
Manuel Gil-Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
High Doses

Exendin-4 (Ex-4), an agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), shares many of the actions of GLP-1 on pancreatic islets, the central nervous system (CNS), and the gastrointestinal tract that mediates glucose homeostasis and food intake. Because Ex-4 has a much longer plasma half-life than GLP-1, it is an effective drug for reducing blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here, we report that acute administration of Ex-4, in relatively high doses, into either the peripheral circulation or the CNS, paradoxically increased blood glucose levels in rats. This effect was independent of the insulinotropic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activating actions of Ex-4 and could be blocked by a GLP-1R antagonist. Comparable doses of GLP-1 did not induce hyperglycemia, even when protected from rapid metabolism by a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. Acute hyperglycemia induced by Ex-4 was blocked by hexamethonium, guanethidine, and adrenal medullectomy, indicating that this effect was mediated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. The potency of Ex-4 to elevate blood glucose waned with chronic administration such that after 6 days the familiar actions of Ex-4 to improve glucose tolerance were evident. These findings indicate that, in rats, high doses of Ex-4 activate a SNS response that can overcome the expected benefits of this peptide on glucose metabolism and actually raise blood glucose. These results have important implications for the design and interpretation of studies using Ex-4 in rats. Moreover, since there are many similarities in the response of the GLP-1R system across mammalian species, it is important to consider whether there is acute activation of the SNS by Ex-4 in humans.

scholarly journals Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of Current Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny F. Jaber ◽  
Matthew Standley ◽  
Raju Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Elevated Glucose ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
In Pregnancy

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in pregnancy is associated with high fetal mortality rates. A small percentage of DKA occurs in the absence of high glucose levels seen in traditional DKA. Prompt recognition and management is crucial. We report a case of a 30-year-old pregnant woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus admitted with euglycemic DKA (blood glucose <200 mg/dL). Initial laboratory testing revealed a severe anion gap acidosis with pH 7.11, anion gap 23, elevated β-hydroxybutyric acid of 9.60 mmol/L, and a blood glucose of 183 mg/dL—surprisingly low given her severe acidosis. The ketoacidosis persisted despite high doses of glucose and insulin infusions. Due to nonresolving acidosis, her hospital course was complicated by spontaneous intrauterine fetal demise. Euglycemia and severe acidosis continued to persist until delivery of fetus and placenta occurred. It was observed that the insulin sensitivity dramatically increased after delivery of fetus and placenta leading to rapid correction of ketoacidosis. This case highlights that severe ketonemia can occur despite the absence of severely elevated glucose levels. We discuss the mechanism that leads to this pathophysiologic state and summarize previously published case reports about euglycemic DKA in pregnancy.

Determination of Glucose in Serum and Whole Blood: Statistical Relationships between Values Obtained by Different Methods

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 976-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G Geeting ◽  
Charles A Suther ◽  
Philip Sylbert
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Single Blood Sample

Abstract Several methods are available for determination of glucose in whole blood and serum. When comparing the results of these methods on a single blood sample, one may find significantly different values. Here, equations are provided for converting values for whole blood glucose to values for serum glucose, obtained by different methods.

scholarly journals Blood Glucose Levels May Aid the Decision for CT Scan in Minor Head Trauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Alexiou ◽  
Athanasios Sotiropoulos ◽  
Georgios D. Lianos ◽  
Andreas Zigouris ◽  
Dimitrios Metaxas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Ct Findings ◽  
Mechanism Of Trauma

Traumatic brain injury has been associated with increased blood glucose levels. In the present study, we set out to investigate if blood glucose level in mild head trauma could predict the need for CT. One hundred fifty-nine patients with minor TBI (GCS 13-15) and a mean age of44.8±23.8years were included in the study. The most common mechanism of trauma was falls. Patients with positive CT findings had significantly higher glucose levels than patients with negative CT findings. Using ROC curve analysis, serum glucose levels higher than 120 mg dl-1were the optimal cutoff value for the detection of patients with positive CT findings with a sensitivity of 74.4% and a specificity of 90.7%. Serum glucose level evaluation at presentation in the emergency department may aid CT decision-making in mild TBI.

scholarly journals Aerosolized Antibiotics for Ventilator-associated Pneumonia

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 1364-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques Rouby ◽  
Belaïd Bouhemad ◽  
Antoine Monsel ◽  
Hélène Brisson ◽  
Charlotte Arbelot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
Flow Turbulence ◽  
Jet Nebulizers ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Reduced Toxicity ◽  
Alveolar Capillary

The aim of this review is to perform a critical analysis of experimental studies on aerosolized antibiotics and draw lessons for clinical use in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ultrasonic or vibrating plate nebulizers should be preferred to jet nebulizers. During the nebulization period, specific ventilator settings aimed at decreasing flow turbulence should be used, and discoordination with the ventilator should be avoided. The appropriate dose of aerosolized antibiotic can be determined as the intravenous dose plus extrapulmonary deposition. If these conditions are strictly respected, then high lung tissue deposition associated with rapid and efficient bacterial killing can be expected. For aerosolized aminoglycosides and cephalosporins, a decrease in systemic exposure leading to reduced toxicity is not proven by experimental studies. Aerosolized colistin, however, does not easily cross the alveolar-capillary membrane even in the presence of severe lung infection, and high doses can be delivered by nebulization without significant systemic exposure.

scholarly journals Is That Still the Same? Has that Changed? On the Accuracy of Measuring Change with Dependent Interviewing

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Jäckle ◽  
Stephanie Eckman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Question Wording ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Measuring Change ◽  
Analysis Of Change ◽  
Link Data ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Measurement and analysis of change is one of the primary reasons to conduct panel surveys, but studies have shown that estimates of change from panel surveys can be subject to measurement error, most commonly overreporting of change. For this reason, many panel surveys use a technique called proactive dependent interviewing, which reminds respondents of their answer in the previous wave, and has been shown to reduce the capturing of spurious change. However, so far very little guidance exists in the literature on how such questions should be worded. Here, we use data from three experimental studies to examine question wording effects with proactive dependent interviewing. Because we link data from one of the surveys to administrative records, we can examine not only different levels of change by format, but the accuracy of the change reports as well. Our results show that how questions about current status are worded affects the reporting of change. The overall results, including comparisons with administrative records, suggest that reminding respondents of their previous answer and then asking, “Is that still the case?” produces the most accurate data on change and stability experienced by respondents.

scholarly journals Vitamin C as a Modulator of the Response to Cancer Therapy

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Blaszczak ◽  
Wojciech Barczak ◽  
Julia Masternak ◽  
Przemysław Kopczyński ◽  
Anatoly Zhitkovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation ◽  
Prolyl Hydroxylases ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Preferential Uptake ◽  
High Doses

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) has been gaining attention as a potential treatment for human malignancies. Various experimental studies have shown the ability of pharmacological doses of vitamin C alone or in combinations with clinically used drugs to exert beneficial effects in various models of human cancers. Cytotoxicity of high doses of vitamin C in cancer cells appears to be related to excessive reactive oxygen species generation and the resulting suppression of the energy production via glycolysis. A hallmark of cancer cells is a strongly upregulated aerobic glycolysis, which elevates its relative importance as a source of ATP (Adenosine 5′-triphosphate). Aerobic glycolysis is maintained by a highly increased uptake of glucose, which is made possible by the upregulated expression of its transporters, such as GLUT-1, GLUT-3, and GLUT-4. These proteins can also transport the oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbate, permitting its preferential uptake by cancer cells with the subsequent depletion of critical cellular reducers as a result of ascorbate formation. Ascorbate also has a potential to affect other aspects of cancer cell metabolism due to its ability to promote reduction of iron(III) to iron(II) in numerous cellular metalloenzymes. Among iron-dependent dioxygenases, important targets for stimulation by vitamin C in cancer include prolyl hydroxylases targeting the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1/HIF-2 and histone and DNA demethylases. Altered metabolism of cancer cells by vitamin C can be beneficial by itself and promote activity of specific drugs.

The Development of Behaviour Therapy in Australia

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syd H. Lovibond
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Number Of Individuals

In his address to the Annual Conference of the Australian Behaviour Modification Association in 1986, Dr. Robin Winkler chose the topic “The social history of behaviour modification in Australia” (Winkler & Krasner, 1987). Dr. Winkler was concerned to recognise the contributions of a number of individuals who were prominent in the new movement in the 50s, 60s and 70s. My aim is rather different. I want to try to capture what the early workers were trying to achieve, what they saw as the problems, and how they viewed the early developments. I will then look at more recent developments in Australian behaviour therapy, and try to characterise its current status. Finally, I'll discuss what seem to me the major current problems, and suggest some possible solutions. Where I feel able to do so, and it seems to me appropriate, I'll make some comparisons with the situation in the USA. Many of the more general points, of course, will be relevant to behaviour therapy in any country.

Aggravation of hypoglycemia in insulinoma patients by the long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide (Sandostatin®)

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. A. Stehouwer ◽  
W. F. Lems ◽  
H. R. A. Fischer ◽  
W. H. L. Hackeng ◽  
M. A. B. Naafs
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Somatostatin Analogues ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Somatostatin Analogue ◽  
Transient Decrease ◽  
Glucoregulatory Hormones ◽  
Octreotide Therapy ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Analogue Octreotide

Abstract. Recently somatostatin analogues were successfully used to control insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with insulinoma. We observed a transient decrease in glucose levels and symptomatic hypoglycemia after administration of the long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide (Sandostatin®) in two insulinoma patients. We studied the acute effects of octreotide (administered before breakfast) on blood glucose and glucoregulatory hormones in these patients. In one patient, we studied the effects of glucagon replacement and changing the time of breakfast (relative to octreotide administration) on octreotide-associated changes in blood glucose and glucoregulatory hormones. Compared with control levels, octreotide therapy reduced insulin levels. During hypoglycemia glucagon and growth hormone levels were suppressed, but cortisol levels appropriately increased. The increase in catecholamine levels was normal in one patient, but markedly attenuated in the other. A transient decrease in serum glucose after octreotide was absent after glucagon replacement, but present when breakfast was taken before administration of octreotide. We conclude that in patients with insulinoma, octreotide therapy may be associated with clinically important hypoglycemia, during which counterregulatory hormone secretion may be attenuated.

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