scholarly journals Enhanced Surveillance of Acute Hepatitis B and C in Four Health Regions in Canada, 1998 TO 1999

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimian Zou ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Martin Tepper ◽  
Antonio Giulivi ◽  
Beverley Baptiste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Acute Hepatitis C ◽  
Acute Hepatitis B

OBJECTIVE:To assess the incidence and risk factors for acute hepatitis B and acute hepatitis C in a defined Canadian population.PATIENTS AND METHODS:An enhanced surveillance system was established in October 1998 to identify cases of acute hepatitis B and C infections in four regions in Canada, with a total population of approximately 3.2 million people. Information on demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory results and potential risk factors was collected using predefined questionnaires.RESULTS:A total of 79 cases of acute hepatitis B and 102 cases of acute hepatitis C were identified from October 1998 to December 1999, resulting in an incidence rate of 2.3 and 2.9/100,000 person-years, respectively. Males had higher incidence rates than females. The incidence of acute hepatitis B peaked at age 30 to 39 years for both males and females, whereas acute hepatitis C peaked at 30 to 39 years for males and 15 to 29 years for females. At least 34% of acute hepatitis B and 63% of acute hepatitis C were associated with injection drug use. Persons who were 15 to 39 years of age were more likely to report injection drug use as a risk factor. Heterosexual contact was reported to be a risk factor for 36.6% of acute hepatitis B cases and 3.5% of acute hepatitis C cases.CONCLUSIONS:The surveillance provides national incidence estimates of clinically recognized acute hepatitis B and C. Both hepatitis B and C are important public health threats to Canadians. Prevention efforts for both diseases should focus on injection drug use, especially for people aged 15 to 39 years. Risky sexual behaviour is also a major concern in prevention of hepatitis B in Canada.

scholarly journals Injection Drug Use and Hepatitis C as Risk Factors for Mortality in HIV-Infected Individuals

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret T. May ◽  
Amy C. Justice ◽  
Kate Birnie ◽  
Suzanne M. Ingle ◽  
Colette Smit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug

scholarly journals Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Canada: Results from the LCDC Sentinel Health Unit Surveillance System

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Chaudhary ◽  
M Tepper ◽  
S Eisaadany ◽  
Paul R Gully
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Major Risk Factor ◽  
Hcv Rna

In a sentinel hepatitis surveillance study conducted by sentinel health units, 1469 patients were enrolled, and 959 (65.3%) were positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Samples from 387 patients (40.4%) were tested for HCV RNA, and 289 (74.7%) were positive for RNA. The major risk factor for HCV infection was injection drug use, reported in 71% of cases. The genotyping of HCV isolates showed that subtype 1a (48%) was predominant in Canada. The other subtypes detected were 1b (19%), 2a (6%), 2b (3%), 3a (22%) and 4a (1%). In Winnipeg, Manitoba, subtype 3a (47%) was more prevalent than subtype 1a (37%), and, in Guelph, Ontario, both subtypes 1a and 3a had equal (40%) distribution. The prevalence of subtype 3a was significantly higher in injection drug users (27%) than in nonusers (10%) (P<0.005). In Canada, injection drug use is the major risk factor for HCV infections, and subtype 1a is more prevalent.

scholarly journals Trends in the Acute Hepatitis B and Acute Hepatitis C in Bulgaria

Folia Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Magdalena P. Baymakova ◽  
Milena Karcheva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Acute Hepatitis C ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Acute Hepatitis B ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Acute Hcv ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Introduction: Bulgaria joined European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007. Since the accession all regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations, and opinions of the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, and the European Commission are being implemented. Aim: The purpose of this study was to present the morbidity of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) and acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Bulgaria before and after accession to the EU. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was performed. The morbidity of acute HBV and acute HCV infections in Bulgaria was analyzed over a period of sixteen years (2000−2016). The collected data were based on the National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD) and the National Center of Public Health and Analyses (NCPHA). Results: Between 2000 and 2016, 11038 cases of acute HBV infection and 1681 cases of acute HCV infection were reported in Bulgaria. Before the accession to EU, the morbidity rates of acute HBV and acute HCV infections were 12.77 cases per 100 000 population (95% CI: 11.45–13.97) and 1.52 cases per 100 000 population (95% CI: 1.17–1.96), respectively. After the accession to the EU, the morbidity rates of acute HBV and acute HCV infections were 5.29 cases per 100 000 population (95% CI: 3.86–6.73) and 1.14 cases per 100 000 population, respectively. Conclusion: Analysis of the data suggests that there is a tendency for lower morbidity rates of acute HBV. The situation with acute HCV is relatively stable over the years regardless of EU membership.

scholarly journals The Changing Epidemiology of Candidemia in the United States: Injection Drug Use as an Increasingly Common Risk Factor—Active Surveillance in Selected Sites, United States, 2014–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1732-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexia Y Zhang ◽  
Sarah Shrum ◽  
Sabrina Williams ◽  
Sarah Petnic ◽  
Joelle Nadle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Initial Culture

Abstract Background Injection drug use (IDU) is a known, but infrequent risk factor on candidemia; however, the opioid epidemic and increases in IDU may be changing the epidemiology of candidemia. Methods Active population-based surveillance for candidemia was conducted in selected US counties. Cases of candidemia were categorized as IDU cases if IDU was indicated in the medical records in the 12 months prior to the date of initial culture. Results During 2017, 1191 candidemia cases were identified in patients aged &gt;12 years (incidence: 6.9 per 100 000 population); 128 (10.7%) had IDU history, and this proportion was especially high (34.6%) in patients with candidemia aged 19–44. Patients with candidemia and IDU history were younger than those without (median age, 35 vs 63 years; P &lt; .001). Candidemia cases involving recent IDU were less likely to have typical risk factors including malignancy (7.0% vs 29.4%; relative risk [RR], 0.2 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .1–.5]), abdominal surgery (3.9% vs 17.5%; RR, 0.2 [95% CI, .09–.5]), and total parenteral nutrition (3.9% vs 22.5%; RR, 0.2 [95% CI, .07–.4]). Candidemia cases with IDU occurred more commonly in smokers (68.8% vs 18.5%; RR, 3.7 [95% CI, 3.1–4.4]), those with hepatitis C (54.7% vs 6.4%; RR, 8.5 [95% CI, 6.5–11.3]), and in people who were homeless (13.3% vs 0.8%; RR, 15.7 [95% CI, 7.1–34.5]). Conclusions Clinicians should consider injection drug use as a risk factor in patients with candidemia who lack typical candidemia risk factors, especially in those with who are 19–44 years of age and have community-associated candidemia.

O.142 Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C in the USA, 1982–2004: The role of injection drug use

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. S44 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.T. Williams ◽  
K. Boaz ◽  
K. Openo ◽  
K. Avent ◽  
M. Bedell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
The Usa

scholarly journals Acute viral hepatitis prevalence in the last five years at „Sf. Cuv. Parascheva“ Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, Galati

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Miruna Drăgănescu ◽  
◽  
Alina Iancu ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Acute Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Acute Hepatitis C ◽  
Clinical Hospital ◽  
Acute Hepatitis B ◽  
National Trends

Introduction. Acute viral hepatitis is a major pathology under national and international surveillance due to both lethal or chronic evolution. Objectives. To evaluate the prevalence of acute viral hepatitis in the last five years in Galati. Methods. Retrospective study based on patients dossiers addmited for acute viral hepatitis between 01.01.2010-31.12.2014 in Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital from Galati. Results. The decreasing prevalence of acute hepatitis of 1.7 times was based on reduction of acute hepatitis B cases; the year 2013 has shown an epidemic increase of acute hepatitis A cases, similar to the national data. Acute hepatitis C had the same prevalence over the years. For 1/3 of cases no A, B, C etiology was found. Correlation (p < 0.0001) between etiology and patients age was found. Acute hepatitis B has shown the most severe cases due to jaundice and citolysis intensity. No differences between gender was found but the illness was more frequent in urban area. Conclusions. Our study has shown the decreasing hepatitis B prevalence while hepatitis C had the similar prevalence, as the national trends.

scholarly journals Hepatitis C Is Poorly Associated With Drug Use in Cambodian Americans in Lowell, Massachusetts

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Yu ◽  
Allen L. Gifford ◽  
Cindy L. Christiansen ◽  
Mari-Lynn Drainoni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Linkage To Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Cambodian Americans

Background.  Hepatitis C (HCV) is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States and affects Asian and non-Asian Americans comparably. Injection drug use, the most common national transmission risk, is not as prevalent in Asian-Americans, but prior studies do not include many Cambodian Americans. Lowell, Massachusetts has the second largest population of Cambodian Americans, allowing a direct comparison of HCV-infected Cambodian and non-Cambodian Americans not previously done. Improving our understanding of HCV risks in this unique community may improve their linkage to care. Methods.  In this cross-sectional study, medical data were collected regarding HCV risk factors for HCV-infected Cambodian and non-Cambodian Americans seen at Lowell Community Health Center from 2009 to 2012. Results.  Cambodian Americans (n = 128) were older (mean age 53 vs 43 years old) and less likely to be male (41% vs 67%, P &lt; .001) compared with non-Cambodians (n = 541). Cambodians had lower rates of injection drug use (1.6% vs 33.6%, P &lt; .001) and any drug use (2.3% vs 82.1%, P &lt; .001). More Cambodians were born between 1945 and 1965 (66.4% vs 44.5%). Within this birth cohort, more Cambodians had no other risk factor (82% vs 69%, P = .02). Fewer Cambodians had chronic HCV (53% vs 74%, P &lt; .001). Conclusions.  Birth between 1945 and 1965 was the major HCV risk factor for Cambodian Americans. Cambodians had lower rates of injection drug use or any drug use history. Risk behavior screening fails to describe HCV transmission for Cambodian Americans and creates a barrier to their linkage to care.

scholarly journals 1722. The Changing Epidemiology of Candidemia in the United States: Injection Drug Use as an Emerging Risk Factor for Candidemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S53-S54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexia Y Zhang ◽  
Sarah Shrum ◽  
Sabrina Williams ◽  
Brittany Vonbank ◽  
Sherry Hillis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Abdominal Surgery ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Emerging Infections

Abstract Background Known risk factors for candidemia include diabetes, malignancy, antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), prolonged hospitalization, abdominal surgery, and central venous catheters. Injection drug use (IDU) is not a common risk factor. We used data from CDC Emerging Infections Program’s candidemia surveillance to assess prevalence of IDU among candidemia cases and compare IDU and non-IDU cases. Methods Active, population-based candidemia surveillance was conducted in 45 counties in 9 states during January–December 2017. Data from 2014 to 2016 were available from 4 states and were used to look for trends. A case was defined as blood culture with Candida in a surveillance area resident. We collected clinical information, including IDU in the past 12 months. Differences between IDU and non-IDU cases were tested using logistic regression. Results Of 1,018 candidemia cases in 2017, 123 (12%) occurred in the context of recent IDU (1% in Minnesota and 27% in New Mexico) (Figure 1). In the 4 states with pre-2017 data, the proportion of IDU cases increased from 7% in 2014 to 15% in 2017, with the proportion in Tennessee nearly tripling from 7% to 18% (Figure 2). IDU cases were younger than non-IDU cases (median 34 vs. 62 years, P &lt; 0.001). Compared with non-IDU cases, IDU cases were less likely to have diabetes (16% vs. 35%; OR 0.4, CI 0.2–0.6), malignancies (7% vs. 30%; OR 0.2, CI 0.1–0.3), abdominal surgery (6% vs. 19%; OR 0.3, CI 0.1–0.6), receive TPN (6% vs. 27%; OR 0.2, CI 0.1–0.4) and were more likely to have hepatitis C (96% vs. 47%; OR 16.1, CI 10.4–24.9), be homeless (13% vs. 1%; OR 17.8, CI 7.1–44.6), and have polymicrobial blood cultures (33% vs. 17%; OR 2.4, CI 1.6–3.6). Median time from admission to candidemia was 0.5 vs. 3 days and in-hospital mortality was 7% vs. 28% for IDU and non-IDU cases, respectively. Conclusion In 2017, 1 in 8 candidemia cases had a history of IDU, including a quarter of cases in some sites. The proportion of such cases increased since 2014. IDU cases lacked many of the typical risk factors for candidemia, suggesting that IDU may be an independent risk factor. Given the growing opioid epidemic, further study is necessary to elucidate how people who inject drugs acquire candidemia and design effective interventions for prevention. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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