scholarly journals Tutorial Review for Understanding of Cholangiopathy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuni Nakanuma
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Biliary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Extrahepatic Bile Ducts ◽  
Bile Duct Damage ◽  
Peribiliary Glands ◽  
Extrahepatic Biliary Tree

The biliary tree consists of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and is lined by biliary epithelial cells (or cholangiocytes). There are also peribiliary glands around the intrahepatic large bile ducts and extrahepatic bile ducts. The biliary tree is a conduit of bile secreted by hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells and also of the peribiliary glands and has several physiological roles. A number of diseases affect mainly the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree, and, in this special issue, these cholangiopathies are reviewed in detail with respect to genetics, pathogenesis, and pathology. In this paper, the anatomy and physiology of the biliary tree, basic injuries to biliary epithelial cells from stress and bile duct damage, and representative cholangiopathies are briefly reviewed.

scholarly journals Proximal Extrahepatic Bile Ducts: Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-93
Author(s):  
M. A. Shorikov ◽  
O. N. Sergeeva ◽  
M. G. Lapteva ◽  
N. A. Peregudov ◽  
B. I. Dolgushin
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Extrahepatic Bile Duct ◽  
Hepatic Duct ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Extrahepatic Bile Ducts ◽  
And Function ◽  
Variant Anatomy

Proximal extrahepatic bile ducts are the biliary tree segment within formal boundaries from cystic ductcommon hepatic duct junction to sectoral hepatic ducts. Despite being a focus of attention of diagnostic and interventional radiologists, endoscopists, hepatobiliary surgeons and transplantologists they weren’t comprehensively described in available papers. The majority of the authors regard bile duct confluence as a group of merging primitively arranged tubes providing bile flow. The information on the proximal extrahepatic bile duct embryonal development, variant anatomy, innervation, arterial, venous and lymphatic supply is too general and not detailed. The present review brought together and systemized exiting to the date data on anatomy and function of this biliary tract portion. Unique, different from the majority of hollow organs organization of the proximal extrahepatic bile duct adapts them to the flow of the bile, i.e. viscous aggressive due to pH about 8.0 and detergents fluid, under higher wall pressure than in other parts of biliary tree. 

scholarly journals Stem/Progenitor Cell Niches Involved in Hepatic and Biliary Regeneration

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Carpino ◽  
Anastasia Renzi ◽  
Antonio Franchitto ◽  
Vincenzo Cardinale ◽  
Paolo Onori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Stellate Cells ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Pancreatic Cell ◽  
Intrahepatic Bile Ducts ◽  
Peribiliary Glands

Niches containing stem/progenitor cells are present in different anatomical locations along the human biliary tree and within liver acini. The most primitive stem/progenitors, biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (BTSCs), reside within peribiliary glands located throughout large extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. BTSCs are multipotent and can differentiate towards hepatic and pancreatic cell fates. These niches’ matrix chemistry and other characteristics are undefined. Canals of Hering (bile ductules) are found periportally and contain hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HpSCs), participating in the renewal of small intrahepatic bile ducts and being precursors to hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. The niches also contain precursors to hepatic stellate cells and endothelia, macrophages, and have a matrix chemistry rich in hyaluronans, minimally sulfated proteoglycans, fetal collagens, and laminin. The microenvironment furnishes key signals driving HpSC activation and differentiation. Newly discovered third niches are pericentral within hepatic acini, contain Axin2+ unipotent hepatocytic progenitors linked on their lateral borders to endothelia forming the central vein, and contribute to normal turnover of mature hepatocytes. Their relationship to the other stem/progenitors is undefined. Stem/progenitor niches have important implications in regenerative medicine for the liver and biliary tree and in pathogenic processes leading to diseases of these tissues.

217304 Reconstruction of bile ducts by biliary epithelial cells in a PLGA membrane sandwich culture model

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011.17 (0) ◽  
pp. 445-446
Author(s):  
Kaoru MATSUUO ◽  
Tomoya KOMATSU ◽  
Toshihiro MITAKA ◽  
Mariko IKEDA ◽  
Ryo SUDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Biliary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Sandwich Culture ◽  
Culture Model

scholarly journals A Case of Symptomatic Gallbladder Agenesis with Chronic Abdominal Symptoms

Folia Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-618
Author(s):  
Christos Tsalikidis ◽  
Apostolos Gaitanidis ◽  
Christos Kavazis ◽  
Konstantinos Tepelenis ◽  
Athanasia Mitsala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Significant Past Medical History ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Abdominal Symptoms ◽  
Extrahepatic Bile Ducts ◽  
Gallbladder Agenesis ◽  
Upper Abdominal ◽  
Exploratory Laparoscopy

The anatomical area of the extrahepatic bile ducts exhibits plethora of anatomic variants. The detailed study and comprehension of anatomic variations of extrahepatic bile ducts is a prerequisite in order to avoid the intraoperative biliary or tract damages, but they are also necessary for the targeted treatment of any complications. Gallbladder agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary tree with an estimated incidence of 0.007-0.027% in surgical series which is much lower compared to the incidence of other gallbladder anomalies. It may be asymptomatic, but sometimes is associated with symptoms such as upper quadrant abdominal pain, which may be mistaken for cholecystitis and can lead the patient to the operating room. We present a case of a 30-year-old male patient without any significant past medical history presented with a 2-year history of upper abdominal complaints, dyspepsia, epigastric abdominal pain and weight loss, normal laboratory workup and unclear radiological signs which led him to exploratory laparoscopy due to the patient’s chronic symptoms, in order to exclude the presence of another underlying pathologic process. In addition to our case presentation, a relative  review of literature was conducted. As a conclusion, examinations, such as transabdominal ultrasonography, may be misleading and MCRP should be the principal method of investigation to establish a presumptive diagnosis. However, in cases with a strong suspicion for a different underlying pathology, further investigation with exploratory laparoscopy may be warranted.

scholarly journals Biliary Innate Immunity: Function and Modulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi Harada ◽  
Yasuni Nakanuma
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Biliary Atresia ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Biliary Cirrhosis ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Biliary Epithelial Cells

Biliary innate immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and biliary atresia. Biliary epithelial cells possess an innate immune system consisting of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Tolerance to bacterial PAMPs such as lipopolysaccharides is also important to maintain homeostasis in the biliary tree, but tolerance to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is not found. In PBC, CD4-positive Th17 cells characterized by the secretion of IL-17 are implicated in the chronic inflammation of bile ducts and the presence of Th17 cells around bile ducts is causally associated with the biliary innate immune responses to PAMPs. Moreover, a negative regulator of intracellular TLR signaling, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ(PPARγ), is involved in the pathogenesis of cholangitis. Immunosuppression using PPARγligands may help to attenuate the bile duct damage in PBC patients. In biliary atresia characterized by a progressive, inflammatory, and sclerosing cholangiopathy, dsRNA viruses are speculated to be an etiological agent and to directly induce enhanced biliary apoptosis via the expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Moreover, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of biliary epithelial cells is also evoked by the biliary innate immune response to dsRNA.

Bile secretory function of intrahepatic biliary epithelium in the rat

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. G124-G133 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Alpini ◽  
R. Lenzi ◽  
W. R. Zhai ◽  
P. A. Slott ◽  
M. H. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Biliary Obstruction ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Bile Formation ◽  
Biliary Epithelium ◽  
Biliary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Ductular Cell

To shed light on ductular fluid secretion, hepatic histology and ultrastructure, cell proliferation and phenotypes, and several aspects of biliary physiology were studied in rats with ductular cell hyperplasia induced by either biliary obstruction (0-14 days) or 1-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) feeding (0-28 days). In both groups of experimental animals, bile duct hyperplasia and spontaneous bile flow and secretin-induced choleresis increased with time of treatment in a linear fashion. Measurements of [14C]mannitol biliary entry and of biliary tree volume showed that the increase in both spontaneous and secretin-stimulated bile flow originated at the proliferated biliary structures. Ultrastructural examination, [3H]thymidine incorporation, and histochemical and immunohistochemical staining for various markers demonstrated that in both hyperplastic reactions the proliferated cells were the progeny of preexisting biliary epithelial cells and retained their characteristics. These results indicate that the increased bile secretory activity associated with either biliary obstruction or ANIT intoxication reflects a quantitative change due to the proliferation of biliary epithelial cells. Thus both models of bile ductular cell hyperplasia lend themselves to assessment of the transport function of intrahepatic biliary epithelium and its contribution to normal bile formation. In the present studies, we have estimated that net ductular secretion in the normal rat accounts for 10-13% of spontaneously secreted hepatic bile.

scholarly journals Repopulation of intrahepatic bile ducts in engineered rat liver grafts

TECHNOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Yibin Chen ◽  
Julie Devalliere ◽  
Beyza Bulutoglu ◽  
Martin L. Yarmush ◽  
Basak E. Uygun
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Hepatic Function ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Biliary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Intrahepatic Bile Ducts ◽  
Liver Engineering ◽  
Decellularized Liver

Engineered liver grafts for transplantation with sufficient hepatic function have been developed both in small and large animal models using the whole liver engineering approach. However, repopulation of the bile ducts in the whole liver scaffolds has not been addressed yet. In this study, we show the feasibility of repopulating the bile ducts in decellularized rat livers. Biliary epithelial cells were introduced into the bile ducts of the decellularized liver scaffolds with or without hepatocytes in the parenchymal space. The recellularized grafts were cultured under perfusion for up to 2 days and histological analysis revealed that the biliary epithelial cells formed duct-like structures, with the viable hepatocyte mass residing in the parenchymal space, in an arrangement highly comparable to the native tissue. The grafts were viable and functional as confirmed by both albumin and urea assay results and the gene expression analysis of biliary epithelial cells in recellularized liver grafts. This study provides the proof-of-concept results for rat liver grafts co-populated with parenchymal and biliary epithelial cells.

scholarly journals Cholangiocarcinomas: New Insights from the Discovery of Stem Cell Niches in Peribiliary Glands of the Biliary Tree

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Cardinale ◽  
Maria Consiglia Bragazzi ◽  
Guido Carpino ◽  
Alessia Torrice ◽  
Yunfang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Extrahepatic Bile Ducts ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Peribiliary Glands ◽  
Endodermal Origin

Peribiliary glands (PBGs) are located in the large intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Although they were described many years ago, their functions have been elucidated only in the last couple of years when our group demonstrated that PBGs are niches of multipotent stem/progenitor cells of endodermal origin. These cells express genes of multipotency and can be rapidly differentiated in vitro into hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and endocrine pancreatic cells. PBGs share common features, in terms of stem/progenitor cell niches, with pancreatic duct glands and colon crypts, glandular structures representing in the adult life the endodermal remnants of fetal life. PBG stem/progenitor cells participate in the renewal of surface biliary epithelium and are active players in chronic pathologies of the biliary tree as well as in cholangiocarcinomas (CCA). Specifically, a large amount of recent evidence indicates that the pure mucin-CCA originates from PBGs; this could explain the similarities with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer, which also originate from transformed gland cells. In this paper, we summarized our recent findings concerning structure and functions of PBGs with the implications for liver pathophysiology and, specifically, for cancers of the biliary tree.

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