scholarly journals Biomarkers for Gastroesophageal Reflux in Respiratory Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Össur Ingi Emilsson ◽  
Þórarinn Gíslason ◽  
Anna-Carin Olin ◽  
Christer Janson ◽  
Ísleifur Ólafsson
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Exhaled Air ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Biochemical Profiles ◽  
Breath Condensate

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is commonly associated with respiratory symptoms, either through a vagal bronchoconstrictive reflex or through microaspiration of gastric contents. No diagnostic test is available, however, to diagnose when respiratory illnesses are caused by GER and when not, but research in this field has been moving forward. Various biomarkers in different types of biosamples have been studied in this context. The aim of this review is to summarize the present knowledge in this field. GER patients with respiratory diseases seem to have a different biochemical profile from similar patients without GER. Inflammatory biomarkers differ in asthmatics based on GER status, tachykinins are elevated in patients with GER-related cough, and bile acids are elevated in lung transplant patients with GER. However, studies on these biomarkers are often limited by their small size, methods of analysis, and case selections. The two pathogenesis mechanisms are associated with different respiratory illnesses and biochemical profiles. A reliable test to identify GER-induced respiratory disorders needs to be developed. Bronchoalveolar lavage is too invasive to be of use in most patients. Exhaled breath condensate samples need further evaluation and standardization. The newly developed particles in exhaled air measurements remain to be studied further.

scholarly journals DIAGNOSIS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES USING THE PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF EXHALED BREATH CONDENSATE

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
E. Kh. Anaev ◽  
K. Yu. Fedorchenko ◽  
M. E. Kushaeva ◽  
A. M. Ryabokon' ◽  
A. S. Kononikhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Breath Condensate

Clinical metabolomics of exhaled breath condensate in chronic respiratory diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Maniscalco ◽  
Salvatore Fuschillo ◽  
Debora Paris ◽  
Adele Cutignano ◽  
Alessandro Sanduzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Breath Condensate ◽  
Clinical Metabolomics

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide and Biological Mediators in Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Asthma

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Agnese Ferraro ◽  
Stefania Zanconato ◽  
Eugenio Baraldi ◽  
Silvia Carraro
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Exhaled Air ◽  
Breath Condensate

Background: In the context of the so-called unified airway theory, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma may coexist. The inflammation underlying these conditions can be studied through the aid of biomarkers. Main body: We described the main biological mediators that have been studied in pediatric CRS and asthma, and, according to the available literature, we reported their potential role in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. As for CRS, we discussed the studies that investigated nasal nitric oxide (nNO), pendrin, and periostin. As for asthma, we discussed the role of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (feNO), the role of periostin, and that of biological mediators measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and exhaled air (volatile organic compounds, VOCs). Conclusion: Among non-invasive biomarkers, nNO seems the most informative in CRS and feNO in asthma. Other biological mediators seem promising, but further studies are needed before they can be applied in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Exploring Airway Diseases by NMR-Based Metabonomics: A Review of Application to Exhaled Breath Condensate

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Sofia ◽  
Mauro Maniscalco ◽  
Guglielmo de Laurentiis ◽  
Debora Paris ◽  
Dominique Melck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Breath Condensate ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Airways Inflammation

There is increasing evidence that biomarkers of exhaled gases or exhaled breath condensate (EBC) may help in detecting abnormalities in respiratory diseases mirroring increased, oxidative stress, airways inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Beside the traditional techniques to investigate biomarker profiles, “omics” sciences have raised interest in the clinical field as potentially improving disease phenotyping. In particular, metabonomics appears to be an important tool to gain qualitative and quantitative information on low-molecular weight metabolites present in cells, tissues, and fluids. Here, we review the potential use of EBC as a suitable matrix for metabonomic studies using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. By using this approach in airway diseases, it is now possible to separate specific EBC profiles, with implication in disease phenotyping and personalized therapy.

scholarly journals Reflux Revisited: Advancing the Role of Pepsin

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karna Dev Bardhan ◽  
Vicki Strugala ◽  
Peter W. Dettmar
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Extraesophageal Reflux ◽  
Pepsinogen Secretion ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Breath Condensate

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is mediated principally by acid. Today, we recognise reflux reaches beyond the esophagus, where pepsin, not acid, causes damage. Extraesophageal reflux occurs both as liquid and probably aerosol, the latter with a further reach. Pepsin is stable up to pH 7 and regains activity after reacidification. The enzyme adheres to laryngeal cells, depletes its defences, and causes further damage internally after its endocytosis. Extraesophageal reflux can today be detected by recognising pharyngeal acidification using a miniaturised pH probe and by the identification of pepsin in saliva and in exhaled breath condensate by a rapid, sensitive, and specific immunoassay. Proton pump inhibitors do not help the majority with extraesophageal reflux but specifically formulated alginates, which sieve pepsin, give benefit. These new insights may lead to the development of novel drugs that dramatically reduce pepsinogen secretion, block the effects of adherent pepsin, and give corresponding clinical benefit.

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