scholarly journals Increasing Prevalence, Changes in Diagnostic Criteria, and Nutritional Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin H. Neggers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
Actual Increase ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

The frequency of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) diagnoses has been increasing for decades, but researchers cannot agree on whether the trend is a result of increased awareness, improved detection, expanding definition, or an actual increase in incidence or a combination of these factors. Though both genetic and multiple environmental risk factors have been studied extensively, many potentially modifiable risk factors including nutritional and immune function related risk factors such as vitamin D, folic acid, and metabolic syndrome have not received sufficient attention. Several recent studies have put forward hypotheses to explain the mechanism of association between both folic acid and vitamin D and autism. A continuous rise in the prevalence of autism in the USA has coincided with a significant enhancement of maternal folate status with FDA mandated folic acid fortification of certain foods starting in 1998. There is also a growing body of research that suggests that vitamin D status either in utero or early in life may be a risk for autism. In this communication, controversies regarding increase in estimate of prevalence, implications of changes in definition, and possible association between some modifiable nutritional risk factors such as folic acid and vitamin D and ASD will be discussed.

Risk factors for bullying among children with autism spectrum disorders

Autism ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Zablotsky ◽  
Catherine P Bradshaw ◽  
Connie M Anderson ◽  
Paul Law
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

scholarly journals Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Measures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

The article introduces the modern understanding of intellectual disability as a diagnostic category. It is based on the description of the structure, recommended for professional use in the USA. The necessity of intellect testing in individuals with autism spectrum disorders is discussed alongside with its place among other diagnostic measures

scholarly journals Possible Endophenotypes in the Search for Genetic Risk Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders

10.5772/60039 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Díaz-Anzaldúa ◽  
Rigoberto Rosendo Gutiérrez ◽  
Alejandro Díaz-Anzaldúa ◽  
José Octavio Hernández Lagunas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

scholarly journals Calcium and Vitamin D Supplement Prescribing Practices among Providers Caring for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Are We Addressing Bone Health?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shylaja Srinivasan ◽  
Julia O’Rourke ◽  
Sara Bersche Golas ◽  
Ann Neumeyer ◽  
Madhusmita Misra
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Vitamin D Supplement

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have several risk factors for low bone mineral density. The gluten-free, casein-free (GFCF) diet is a complementary therapy sometimes used in ASD that raises concerns for the adequacy of calcium and vitamin D intake. This study evaluated the prescribing practices of calcium and vitamin D supplements and the practice of checking 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels by providers in 100 children with ASD, 50 of whom were on the GFCF diet. Fifty-two percent and 46% of children on the GFCF diet were on some form of vitamin D and calcium supplements, respectively, compared to 18% and 14% of those not on this diet. Twenty-four percent of children in the GFCF group had a documented 25(OH)D level compared to none in the non-GFCF group. The data highlight a gap in calcium and vitamin D supplement prescribing practices among providers caring for children with ASD as well as a gap in the practice of checking 25(OH)D levels.

Pregnancy and Cord Vitamin D Status and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Toddlers: An Odense Child Cohort Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S127-S127
Author(s):  
S.S.B. Clausen ◽  
H.T. Christesen ◽  
C. Dalgård ◽  
S. Lykkedegn ◽  
P. Munk-Jørgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

IntroductionVitamin D deficiency is widespread globally in pregnant women and is suggested to contribute to offspring risk of symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but findings are inconsistent.ObjectivesTo investigate whether low prenatal 25OHD exposure and 25OHD status in early life increase risk of early symptoms of ASD.AimsTo investigate early signs of ASD.MethodsFrom the prospective birth cohort, Odense child cohort (n = 2.549), Denmark, we included singletons with their mothers with available serum concentrations of 25OHD at early pregnancy (n = 1.231), late pregnancy (n = 1.361), and birth (n = 2.082). ASD symptoms were rated by parents on the pervasive developmental problem (PDP) scale of the Child behavior checklist for ages 1½-5 (CBCL 1½-5). Associations between 25OHD and PDP score were analyzed by multiple linear and logistic regression models. A priori included covariates were gestational age, child gender, birth weight, season of birth, parity, parental psychiatric diagnoses, maternal age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, education level, vitamin D supplementation, and pre-gestational BMI.ResultsMeans (SD) of 25OHD for early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and cord were 65.5 (21.5), 78.7 (27.0), and 47.0 (21.7) nmol/L, respectively. PDP data were obtained at a mean (SD) of 2.7 (0.6) years of age. Data from the regression analyses are pending.ConclusionsIn this well-off cohort with relatively high levels of cord 25OHD, power calculations allows us to detect a true change of 0.02 PDP scores per 10 nmol/L change in 25OHD. Further studies will clarify whether early PDP scores track later ASD diagnosis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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