Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pediatric Tympanostomy Tube Insertion in Partial Immunized Population

Objective. To investigate the impact of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on tube insertions in a partial immunized pediatric population.Study Design. Retrospective ecological study.Methods. This study used Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for the period 2000–2009. Every child under 17 years old who received tubes during this 10-year period was identified and analyzed. The tube insertion rates in different age groups and the risk to receive tubes in different birth cohorts before and after the release of the vaccine in 2005 were compared.Results. The tube insertion rates for children under 17 years of age ranged from 21.6 to 31.9 for 100,000 persons/year. The tube insertion rate of children under 2 years old decreased significantly after 2005 in period effect analysis (β= −0.074,P< 0.05, and the negativeβvalue means a downward trend) and increased in children 2 to 9 years old throughout the study period (positiveβvalues which mean upward trends,P< 0.05). The rate of tube insertion was lower in 2004-2005 and 2006-2007 birth cohorts than that of 2002-2003 birth cohort (RR = 0.90 and 0.21, 95% CI 0.83–0.97 and 0.19–0.23, resp.).Conclusion. The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may reduce the risk of tube insertion for children of later birth cohorts. The vaccine may have the protective effect on tube insertions in a partial immunized pediatric population.

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The Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Rates of Myringotomy With Ventilation Tube Insertion in Australia

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/inf.0b013e31819e9bc5 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 28 (9) ◽

pp. 761-765 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Andrew Jardine ◽

Robert I. Menzies ◽

Shelley L. Deeks ◽

Mahomed S. Patel ◽

Peter B. McIntyre

Keyword(s):

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Ventilation Tube ◽

Tube Insertion ◽

The Impact

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Declines in Pneumonia and Meningitis Hospitalizations in Children Under 5 Years of Age After Introduction of 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Zambia, 2010–2016

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz456 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S58-S65 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Evans M Mpabalwani ◽

Chileshe Lukwesa-Musyani ◽

Akakambama Imamba ◽

Ruth Nakazwe ◽

Belem Matapo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Age Groups ◽

Significant Decline ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Age Group ◽

Primary Series ◽

Time Series Analyses ◽

The Impact ◽

Children Under 5

Abstract Background Pneumococcus is a leading cause of pneumonia and meningitis. Zambia introduced a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in July 2013 using a 3-dose primary series at ages 6, 10, and 14 weeks with no booster. We evaluated the impact of PCV10 on meningitis and pneumonia hospitalizations. Methods Using hospitalization data from first-level care hospitals, available at the Ministry of Health, and from the largest pediatric referral hospital in Lusaka, we identified children aged <5 years who were hospitalized with pneumonia or meningitis from January 2010–December 2016. We used time-series analyses to measure the effect of PCV10 on monthly case counts by outcome and age group (<1 year, 1–4 years), accounting for seasonality. We defined the pre- and post-PCV10 periods as January 2010–June 2013 and July 2014–December 2016, respectively. Results At first-level care hospitals, pneumonia and meningitis hospitalizations among children aged <5 years accounted for 108 884 and 1742 admissions in the 42 months pre-PCV10, respectively, and 44 715 and 646 admissions in the 30 months post-PCV10, respectively. Pneumonia hospitalizations declined by 37.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.4–50.3%) and 28.8% (95% CI 17.7–38.7%) among children aged <1 year and 1–4 years, respectively, while meningitis hospitalizations declined by 72.1% (95% CI 63.2–79.0%) and 61.6% (95% CI 50.4–70.8%), respectively, in these age groups. In contrast, at the referral hospital, pneumonia hospitalizations remained stable and a smaller but significant decline in meningitis was observed among children aged 1–4 years (39.3%, 95% CI 16.2–57.5%). Conclusions PCV10 introduction was associated with declines in meningitis and pneumonia hospitalizations in Zambia, especially in first-level care hospitals.

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Serotype distribution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 2010

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w2012-073 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (8) ◽

pp. 1008-1017 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Walter H.B. Demczuk ◽

Irene Martin ◽

Averil Griffith ◽

Brigitte Lefebvre ◽

Allison McGeer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Age Groups ◽

Serotype Distribution ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Central Canada ◽

Implementation Period ◽

Epidemiological Trends ◽

The Impact

A baseline serotype distribution was established by age and region for 2058 invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected during the implementation period of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) program in many parts of Canada in 2010. Serotypes 19A, 7F, and 3 were the most prevalent in all age groups, accounting for 57% in <2 year olds, 62% in 2–4 year olds, 45% in 5–14 year olds, 44% in 15–49 year olds, 41% in 50–64 year olds, and 36% in ≥65 year olds. Serotype 19A was most predominant in Western and Central Canada representing 15% and 22%, respectively, of the isolates from those regions, whereas 7F was most common in Eastern Canada with 20% of the isolates. Other prevalent serotypes include 15A, 23B, 12F, 22F, and 6C. PCV13 serotypes represented 65% of the pneumococci isolated from <2 year olds, 71% of 2–4 year olds, 61% of 5–14 year olds, 60% of 15–49 year olds, 53% of 50–64 year olds, and 49% of the ≥65 year olds. Continued monitoring of invasive pneumococcal serotypes in Canada is important to identify epidemiological trends and assess the impact of the newly introduced PCV13 vaccine on public health.

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Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis, Burkina Faso, 2016–2017

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz301 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 220 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. S253-S262 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Heidi M Soeters ◽

Dinanibè Kambiré ◽

Guetawendé Sawadogo ◽

Rasmata Ouédraogo-Traoré ◽

Brice Bicaba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Burkina Faso ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Meningitis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Information ◽

Latex Agglutination ◽

Childhood Immunization ◽

Serotype 1 ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background In 2013, Burkina Faso introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into the routine childhood immunization program, to be administered to children at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. We evaluated the impact of PCV13 on pneumococcal meningitis. Methods Using nationwide surveillance, we gathered demographic/clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results for meningitis cases. Pneumococcal cases were confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or latex agglutination; strains were serotyped using PCR. We compared annual incidence (cases per 100 000) 4 years after PCV13’s introduction (2017) to average pre-PCV13 incidence (2011–2013). We adjusted incidence for age and proportion of cases with CSF tested at national laboratories. Results In 2017, pneumococcal meningitis incidence was 2.7 overall and 10.5 (<1 year), 3.8 (1–4 years), 3.5 (5–14 years), and 1.4 (≥15 years) by age group. Compared to 2011–2013, PCV13-serotype incidence was significantly lower among all age groups, with the greatest decline among children aged <1 year (77%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 65%–84%). Among all ages, the drop in incidence was larger for PCV13 serotypes excluding serotype 1 (79%; 95% CI, 72%–84%) than for serotype 1 (52%; 95% CI, 44%–59%); incidence of non-PCV13 serotypes also declined (53%; 95% CI, 37%–65%). In 2017, 45% of serotyped cases among all ages were serotype 1 and 12% were other PCV13 serotypes. Conclusions In Burkina Faso, meningitis caused by PCV13 serotypes continues to decrease, especially among young children. However, the concurrent decline in non-PCV13 serotypes and short pre-PCV13 observation period complicate evaluation of PCV13’s impact. Efforts to improve control of serotype 1, such as switching from a 3 + 0 schedule to a 2 + 1 schedule, may improve overall control of pneumococcal meningitis in this setting.

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Changes in Otitis Media Episodes and Pressure Equalization Tube Insertions Among Young Children Following Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: A Birth Cohort–based Study

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz142 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 2162-2169 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Andrew D Wiese ◽

Xiang Huang ◽

Chang Yu ◽

Edward F Mitchel ◽

Moe H Kyaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Pressure Equalization ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Before And After ◽

Secondary Analyses ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction on the occurrence of first and subsequent otitis media (OM) episodes in early childhood is unclear. We compared the risk of OM episodes among children age <2 years before and after PCV13 introduction, accounting for the dependence between OM episodes. Methods We identified consecutive annual (July–June) cohorts of Tennessee Medicaid–enrolled children (2006–2014) from birth through age 2 years. We identified OM episodes using coded diagnoses (we classified diagnoses <21 days apart as the same episode). We modeled adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for OM comparing 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7)–era (2006–2010) and PCV13-era (2011–2014) birth cohorts, accounting for risk factors and dependence between first and subsequent episodes. Secondary analyses examined pressure equalization tube (PET) insertions and compared the risk of recurrent OM (≥3 episodes in 6 months or ≥4 episodes in 12 months) between PCV7- and PCV13-era birth cohorts. Results We observed 618 968 OM episodes and 24 875 PET insertions among 368 063 children. OM and PET insertion rates increased during the PCV7 years and declined after PCV13 introduction. OM and PET insertion risks were lower in the 2013–2014 cohort compared with the 2009–2010 cohort (aHRs [95% confidence interval], 0.92 [.91–.93] and 0.76 [.72–.80], respectively). PCV13 introduction was associated with declines in the risk of first, subsequent, and recurrent OM. Conclusions The transition from PCV7 to PCV13 was associated with a decline of OM among children aged <2 years due to a reduction in the risk of both the first and subsequent OM episodes.

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