Holding the Inflammatory System in Check: TLRs and Their Targeted Therapy in Asthma

Inflammation is a complex biological response to detrimental stimuli and can be a double-edged sword. Inflammation plays a protective role in removing pathogenic factors, but dysregulated inflammation is associated with several major fatal diseases such as asthma, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Asthma is a complex heterogenous disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. TLRs are the primary proteins associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses to these fatal factors and play an important role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which initiates the downstream immune response. Due to the complex TLRs cascade and nowadays unsuccessful control in asthma, new studies are focused on TLRs and other potential targets in TLR cascade to minimize airway inflammation.

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Sterile inflammation induced by Carbopol elicits robust adaptive immune responses in the absence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.025 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (19) ◽

pp. 2188-2196 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kate H. Gartlan ◽

George Krashias ◽

Frank Wegmann ◽

William R. Hillson ◽

Erin M. Scherer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Sterile Inflammation ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Robust Adaptive ◽

Molecular Patterns

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Toll-like receptors: function and roles in lung disease

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.00323.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 286 (5) ◽

pp. L887-L892 ◽

Cited By ~ 115

Author(s):

Subhendu Basu ◽

Matthew J. Fenton

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Allergic Asthma ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Protective Role ◽

Airway Hyperreactivity ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides ◽

Molecular Patterns

Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins have been shown to play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. TLR proteins enable the host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, viral RNA, CpG-containing DNA, and flagellin, among others. Engagement of TLR proteins leads to the upregulation of costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as reactive nitrogen and oxygen products. The role of TLR proteins in lung-associated pathologies such as airway hyperreactivity, allergic asthma, and tuberculosis is being intensively studied. This review summarizes many of the findings made to date on the roles of TLR proteins in a variety of lung diseases. Generally, TLR proteins serve a protective role in infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. The progression of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as allergic asthma, can also be influenced by TLR-dependent responses.

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