Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Effects of Estradiol in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells duringStaphylococcus aureusInternalization

17β-Estradiol (E2), the predominant sexual hormone in females, is associated with the modulation of the innate immune response (IIR), and changes in its levels at parturition are related to intramammary infections, such as mastitis. In bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs), E2 regulates differentiation and proliferation, but its immunomodulatory functions have not been explored.Staphylococcus aureusis the predominant pathogen causing mastitis, which can persist intracellularly in bMECs. The aim of this work was to analyze whether E2 modulates the IIR of bMECs duringS. aureusinternalization. bMECs treated with E2 (50 pg/mL, 24 h) reduced bacteria internalization (~50%). The host receptorsα5β1 and TLR2 do not participate in this reduction. However, E2 activates ERαand modulates the IIR reducing theS. aureusinduced-mRNA expression of TNF-α(~50%) and IL-1β(90%). E2 also decreased the secretion of these cytokines as well as IL-6 production; however, in infected bMECs, E2 induced the secretion of IL-1β. Furthermore, E2 upregulates the expression of the antimicrobial peptides DEFB1, BNBD5, and psoriasin S100A7 (~5-, 3-, and 6-fold, resp.). In addition, E2 induced the production of antimicrobial compounds in bMEC culture medium, which, together with the modulation of the IIR, could be related to the reduction ofS. aureusinternalization.

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Cell cycle regulation of mammary epithelial cell detachment byStaphylococcus aureus

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900032088 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 543-553 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Boris Zavizion ◽

Andrew J. Bramley ◽

Ioannis Politis

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Mammary Epithelial ◽

Cell Detachment ◽

Staph Aureus ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Isogenic Mutants ◽

Cycle Regulation

SummaryThe effect ofStaphylococcus aureuson detachment of bovine mammary epithelial cells in culture was examined. Mammary epithelial cells became detached from fresh monolayers following a 3 h incubation in the presence ofStaph. aureusM60. Two different procedures indicated that cell detachment coincided with the S-phase of the cell cycle. The roles of proteinases, toxins and Ca availability in inducing cell detachment were examined. Addition of the proteinase inhibitor phenyl-methylsulphonyl fluoride (1 mM) to the culture medium prevented cell detachment. Addition of a combination of purified staphylococcal proteinases XVI and XVII-B to the culture medium of mammary epithelial cells induced cell detachment in the absence ofStaph. aureus. Cell detachment may be caused by a staphylococcal proteinase. However, addition of Ca (10 mM) to the culture medium abolishedStaph. aureus-induced cell detachment, despite the fact that proteinase activity was still apparently present. Isogenic mutants ofStaph. aureusM60, expressing either ± or β toxins but not both, induced cell detachment, but to a lesser extent than the wild type. Thus, Ca and toxins play some role during cell detachment. Clones established from detached cells that were washed and replated showed the same susceptibility toStaph. aureus-induced cell detachment as the parental cells. This indicated that there is no subclone of mammary epithelial cells more sensitive to this effect.

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Bovine mammary epithelial cells, initiators of innate immune responses to mastitis

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea05046 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 45 (8) ◽

pp. 757 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C. Gray ◽

Y. Strandberg ◽

L. Donaldson ◽

R. L. Tellam

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Vital Role ◽

Mammary Epithelial ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Mammary Tissue ◽

Effector Cells ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Innate immunity plays a vital role in the protection of the bovine mammary gland against mastitis. Until recently, the migration of effector cells such as neutrophils and monocytes into the mammary gland was thought to provide the only defence against invading pathogens. However, mammary epithelial cells may also play an important role in the immune response, contributing to the innate defence of the mammary tissue through secretion of antimicrobial peptides and attraction of circulating immune effector cells. This paper reviews the innate immune pathways in mammary epithelial cells and examines their role in the initiation of an innate immune response to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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An Investigation of the Innate Immune Response in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Challenged by Prototheca zopfii

Mycopathologia ◽

10.1007/s11046-016-0053-0 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 181 (11-12) ◽

pp. 823-832 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Zhaoju Deng ◽

Muhammad Shahid ◽

Limei Zhang ◽

Jian Gao ◽

Xiaolong Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Mammary Epithelial ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Prototheca Zopfii ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

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Innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells toMycoplasma bovis

Journal of Veterinary Science ◽

10.4142/jvs.2018.19.1.79 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Satoshi Gondaira ◽

Hidetoshi Higuchi ◽

Hidetomo Iwano ◽

Koji Nishi ◽

Takanori Nebu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Mammary Epithelial ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

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Effects of Sodium Octanoate on Innate Immune Response of Mammary Epithelial Cells duringStaphylococcus aureusInternalization

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/927643 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nayeli Alva-Murillo ◽

Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa ◽

Joel E. López-Meza

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Mammary Epithelial ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Sodium Octanoate ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) are capable of initiating an innate immune response to invading bacteria. Short chain fatty acids can reduceStaphylococcus aureusinternalization into bMEC, but it has not been evaluated if octanoic acid (sodium octanoate, NaO), a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), has similar effects. In this study we determined the effect of NaO onS. aureusinternalization into bMEC and on the modulation of innate immune elements. NaO (0.25–2 mM) did not affectS. aureusgrowth and bMEC viability, but it differentially modulated bacterial internalization into bMEC, which was induced at 0.25–0.5 mM (~60%) but inhibited at 1-2 mM (~40%). Also, bMEC showed a basal expression of all the innate immune genes evaluated, which were induced byS. aureus. NaO induced BNBD4, LAP, and BNBD10 mRNA expression, but BNBD5 and TNF-αwere inhibited. Additionally, the pretreatment of bMEC with NaO inhibited the mRNA expression induction generated by bacteria which coincides with the increase in internalization; only TAP and BNDB10 showed an increase in their expression; it coincides with the greatest effect on the reduction of bacterial internalization. In conclusion, NaO exerts a dual effect onS. aureusinternalization in bMEC and modulates elements of innate immune response.

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Differential response of bovine mammary epithelial cells to Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli agonists of the innate immune system

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/1297-9716-44-40 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Florence B Gilbert ◽

Patricia Cunha ◽

Kirsty Jensen ◽

Elizabeth J Glass ◽

Gilles Foucras ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Immune System ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Differential Response ◽

Mammary Epithelial ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

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Lactobacillus casei BL23 modulates the innate immune response in Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2018.0010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 985-995 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.F.S. Souza ◽

L. Rault ◽

N. Seyffert ◽

V. Azevedo ◽

Y. Le Loir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Immune Response ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Lactobacillus Casei ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Mammary Epithelial ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Aureus Infection

Probiotics have been adopted to treat and prevent various diseases in humans and animals. They were notably shown to be a promising alternative to prevent mastitis in dairy cattle. This inflammation of the mammary gland is generally of infectious origin and generates extensive economic losses worldwide. In a previous study, we found that Lactobacillus casei BL23 was able to inhibit the internalisation of Staphylococcus aureus, one of the major pathogens involved in mastitis, into bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC). In this study, we further explored the capacity of this strain to modulate the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells during S. aureus infection. L. casei BL23 was able to decrease the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins 6, 8, 1α and 1β and tumour necrosis factor alpha, in S. aureus-stimulated bMEC, 8 h post-infection. On the other hand, L. casei did not impair the induction of defensins, such as lingual antimicrobial peptide and defensin β1 in the presence of S. aureus, and even slightly increased the induction of tracheal antimicrobial peptide during S. aureus infection. Finally, this strain did not alter the expression of the pattern recognition receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain proteins (NOD2). This study demonstrates that L. casei BL23 displayed anti-inflammatory properties on S. aureus-stimulated bMEC. These results open the way to further characterisation of the BL23 probiotic potential in a bovine mammary gland context and to a better understanding of how all these beneficial properties combine in vivo to combat mastitis pathogens.

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