scholarly journals Digital Image Steganography Using LSB Substitution, PVD, and EMD

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Pradhan ◽  
K. Raja Sekhar ◽  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Image Steganography ◽  
Raster Scan ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Pixel Value Difference ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
Lsb Substitution

To protect from pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis and RS analysis, two hybrid image steganography techniques by appropriate combination of LSB substitution, pixel value differencing (PVD), and exploiting modification directions (EMD) have been proposed in this paper. The cover image is traversed in raster scan order and partitioned into blocks. The first technique operates on 2 × 2 pixel blocks and the second technique operates on 3 × 3 pixel blocks. For each block, the average pixel value difference, d, is calculated. If d value is greater than 15, the block is in an edge area, so a combination of LSB substitution and PVD is applied. If d value is less than or equal to 15, the block is in a smooth area, so a combination of LSB substitution and EMD is applied. Each of these two techniques exists in two variants (Type 1 and Type 2) with respect to two different range tables. The hiding capacities and PSNR of both the techniques are found to be improved. The results from experiments prove that PDH analysis and RS analysis cannot detect these proposed techniques.

scholarly journals Digital Image Steganography Using Eight-Directional PVD against RS Analysis and PDH Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Central Pixel ◽  
Rs Analysis ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Lsb Substitution

The least significant bit (LSB) substitution techniques are detected by RS analysis and the traditional pixel value differencing (PVD) approaches are detected by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis. The PVD steganography can escape from PDH analysis by using the edges in multiple directions. This paper proposes a steganography technique by exploiting the edges in eight directions and also using LSB substitution to resist from both RS analysis and PDH analysis. For every 3×3 pixel block the central pixel is embedded with 3 or 4 bits of data by modified LSB substitution technique. Then this new value of the central pixel is utilized to calculate eight difference values with eight neighboring pixels. These eight difference values are used to hide the data. There are two types with regard to two different range tables. Type 1 uses 3 bit modified LSB substitution and range table 1. Type 2 uses 4 bit modified LSB substitution and range table 2. Type 1 and type 2 are also known as variant 1 and variant 2, respectively. Type 1 possesses higher PSNR and type 2 possesses higher hiding capacity.

scholarly journals High Capacity Image Steganography Using Modified LSB Substitution and PVD against Pixel Difference Histogram Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Problem ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Rs Analysis ◽  
Distortion Measure ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Lsb Substitution

The combination of pixel value differencing (PVD) and least significant bit (LSB) substitution gives higher capacity and lesser distortion. However, there are three issues to be taken into account: (i) fall off boundary problem (FOBP), (ii) pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis, and (iii) RS analysis. This paper proposes a steganography technique in two variants using combination of modified LSB substitution and PVD by taking care of these three issues. The first variant operates on 2 × 3 pixel blocks and the second technique operates on 3 × 3 pixel blocks. In one of the pixels of a block, embedding is performed using modified LSB substitution. Based on the new value of this pixel, difference values with other neighboring pixels are calculated. Using these differences, PVD approach is applied. The edges in multiple directions are exploited, so PDH analysis cannot detect this steganography. The LSB substitution is performed in only one pixel of the block, so RS analysis also cannot detect this steganography. To address the FOBP, suitable equations are used during embedding procedure. The experimental results such as bit rate and distortion measure are satisfactory.

Steganography Using LSB Substitution and Pixel Value Differencing

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-135
Keyword(s):  
Block Size ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Central Pixel ◽  
Rs Analysis ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Lsb Substitution

This chapter describes four techniques that use both the principles of LSB substitution and pixel value differencing (PVD). These techniques use 1×3, 2×2, 2×3, and 3×3 size pixel blocks. In a block, LSB substitution is applied on one of the pixels, which is designated as the central pixel. Using the new value of this central pixel, pixel differences are computed with all its neighboring pixels. Based on these pixel value differences, embedding capacity is decided, and embedding is performed by addition and subtraction operations. The experimental results reveal that when the block size increases, the tolerance to RS analysis and pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis also increases.

Pixel Value Differencing Steganography

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-74
Keyword(s):  
Embedding Capacity ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Block Based ◽  
Pixel Value Differencing ◽  
Difference Histogram ◽  
Adaptive Pvd ◽  
Pixel Value Difference

In this chapter, the author describes the different categories of pixel value differencing (PVD) techniques and their performances. The main goal in PVD technique is to find the pixel value difference. If it is large, hide the larger number of bits; otherwise, hide the lesser number of bits. The traditional PVD techniques operates on 2, 4, and 8 pixel blocks to calculate the pixel value difference and then take the embedding decision. The traditional PVD techniques use a range table to decide the embedding capacity in a block. The adaptive PVD techniques do not use any range table and calculate the embedding capacity dynamically for every block based on the pixel values of that block. Most of the traditional PVD techniques are attacked by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis, but adaptive PVD techniques are tolerant to PDH analysis.

Improved Capacity Image Steganography Algorithm using 16-Pixel Differencing with n-bit LSB Substitution for RGB Images

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi S Arya ◽  
Meenu Rani ◽  
Charndeep Singh Bedi
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Content Protection ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Lsb Substitution

<p>With the intrusion of internet into the lives of every household and terabytes of data being transmitted over the internet on daily basis, the protection of content being transmitted over the internet has become an extremely serious concern. Various measures and methods are being researched and devised everyday to ensure content protection of digital media. To address this issue of content protection, this paper proposes an RGB image steganography based on sixteen-pixel differencing with n-bit Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution. The proposed technique provides higher embedding capacity without sacrificing the imperceptibility of the host data. The image is divided into 4×4 non overlapping blocks and in each block the average difference value is calculated. Based on this value the block is classified to fall into one of four levels such as, lower, lower-middle, higher-middle and higher. If block belongs to lower level then 2-bit LSB substitution is used in it. Similarly, for lower-middle, higher-middle and higher level blocks 3, 4, and 5 bit LSB substitution is used. In our proposed method there is no need of pixel value readjustment for minimizing distortion. The experimental results show that stego-images are imperceptible and have huge hiding capacity.</p>

scholarly journals Improved Capacity Image Steganography Algorithm using 16-Pixel Differencing with n-bit LSB Substitution for RGB Images

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2735
Author(s):  
Meenakshi S Arya ◽  
Meenu Rani ◽  
Charndeep Singh Bedi
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Content Protection ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Lsb Substitution

<p>With the intrusion of internet into the lives of every household and terabytes of data being transmitted over the internet on daily basis, the protection of content being transmitted over the internet has become an extremely serious concern. Various measures and methods are being researched and devised everyday to ensure content protection of digital media. To address this issue of content protection, this paper proposes an RGB image steganography based on sixteen-pixel differencing with n-bit Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution. The proposed technique provides higher embedding capacity without sacrificing the imperceptibility of the host data. The image is divided into 4×4 non overlapping blocks and in each block the average difference value is calculated. Based on this value the block is classified to fall into one of four levels such as, lower, lower-middle, higher-middle and higher. If block belongs to lower level then 2-bit LSB substitution is used in it. Similarly, for lower-middle, higher-middle and higher level blocks 3, 4, and 5 bit LSB substitution is used. In our proposed method there is no need of pixel value readjustment for minimizing distortion. The experimental results show that stego-images are imperceptible and have huge hiding capacity.</p>

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