scholarly journals Statistical Physics of the Inflaton Decaying in an Inhomogeneous Random Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Haba

We derive a stochastic wave equation for an inflaton in an environment of an infinite number of fields. We study solutions of the linearized stochastic evolution equation in an expanding universe. The Fokker-Planck equation for the inflaton probability distribution is derived. The relative entropy (free energy) of the stochastic wave is defined. The second law of thermodynamics for the diffusive system is obtained. Gaussian probability distributions are studied in detail.

Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.


Author(s):  
Claudio Giorgi ◽  
Angelo Morro

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to establish vector-valued rate-type models for the hysteretic properties in deformable ferroelectrics within the framework of continuum thermodynamics. Unlike electroelasticity and piezoelectricity, in ferroelectricity both the polarization and the electric field are simultaneously independent variables so that the constitutive functions depend on both. This viewpoint is naturally related to the fact that an hysteresis loop is a closed curve in the polarization–electric field plane. For the sake of generality, the deformation of the material and the dependence on the temperature are allowed to occur. The constitutive functions are required to be consistent with the principle of objectivity and the second law of thermodynamics. Objectivity implies that the constitutive equations are form invariant within the set of Euclidean frames. Among other results, the second law requires a general property on the relation between the polarization and the electric field via a differential equation. This equation shows a dependence fully characterized by two quantities: the free energy and a function which is related to the dissipative character of the hysteresis. As a consequence, different hysteresis models may have the same free energy. Models compatible with thermodynamics are then determined by appropriate selections of the free energy and of the dissipative part. Correspondingly, major and minor hysteretic loops are plotted.


Entropy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Mohammad Razavi ◽  
Seyed Majid Saberi Fathi ◽  
Jack Adam Tuszynski

The underlying mechanism determining the size of a particular cell is one of the fundamental unknowns in cell biology. Here, using a new approach that could be used for most of unicellular species, we show that the protein synthesis and cell size are interconnected biophysically and that protein synthesis may be the chief mechanism in establishing size limitations of unicellular organisms. This result is obtained based on the free energy balance equation of protein synthesis and the second law of thermodynamics. Our calculations show that protein synthesis involves a considerable amount of entropy reduction due to polymerization of amino acids depending on the cytoplasmic volume of the cell. The amount of entropy reduction will increase with cell growth and eventually makes the free energy variations of the protein synthesis positive (that is, forbidden thermodynamically). Within the limits of the second law of thermodynamics we propose a framework to estimate the optimal cell size at division.


2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Yi Fang

The fundamental physical law of protein folding is the second law of thermodynamics. The key to solve proteinfolding problem is to derive an analytic formula of the Gibbs free energy. It has been overdue for too long. Let U be a monomeric globular protein whose M atoms 1 M a are classified into hydrophobicity classes H H , ,H 1H 2.


2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (31) ◽  
pp. 2683-2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. HABA

We discuss energy–momentum tensor and the second law of thermodynamics for a system of relativistic diffusing particles. We calculate the energy and entropy flow in this system. We obtain an exact time-dependence of energy, entropy and free energy of a beam of photons in a reservoir of a fixed temperature.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Dejan Dimitrijevic

Maxwell's demon is an imaginary being invented a century and a half ago by James Clarke Maxwell in order to illustrate the statistical nature of the Second Law of thermodynamics. It helped us reach a better understanding not only of that law but also of the relationship between statistical physics and thermodynamics. Since the 1910?s it has caused a flood of papers of scientists who have tried to save the Second Law from the threat of the demon and hence preclude the possibility of perpetuum mobile of the second kind. Nowadays, it helps us better understand the possibility of constructing an interactionist model of mental causation manifested through the violation of the Second Law by the mind.


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