Density fluctuations in granular piles traversing the glass transition: A grain-scale characterization via the internal energy

The grain-scale dynamics of the internal energy inside a tapped granular pile is studied, advancing on a kinetic theory of grains.

Theoretical Analysis of Fully Conservative Difference Schemes with Adaptive Viscosity

For the equations of gas dynamics in Eulerian variables, a family of two-layer in time completely conservative difference schemes with space-profiled time weights is constructed. Considerable attention is paid to the methods of constructing regularized flows of mass, momentum, and internal energy that do not violate the properties of complete conservatism of difference schemes of this class, to the analysis of their amplitudes and the possibility of their use on non-uniform grids. Effective preservation of the balance of internal energy in this type of divergent difference schemes is ensured by the absence of constantly operating sources of difference origin that produce "computational"entropy (including those based on singular features of the solution). The developed schemes can be easily generalized in order to calculate high-temperature flows in media that are nonequilibrium in temperature (for example, in a plasma with a difference in the temperatures of the electronic and ionic components), when, with the set of variables necessary for describing the flow, it is not enough to equalize the total energy balance.

Development of the Concept of Entropy: A Simpler Alternative to Carnot Cycle

The relationship between entropy and reversible heat and temperature is developed using a simple cycle, in which an ideal gas is subjected to isothermal expansion and compression and heated and cooled between states. The procedure is easily understood by students if they have knowledge of calculations involving internal energy, reversible work, and heat capacity for an ideal gas. This approach avoids the more time-consuming Carnot cycle. The treatment described here illustrates how the total entropy change resulting from an irreversible process is always positive.

Study on Side Collision of Battery Boxes Based on HyperWorks

To effectively improve the safety of battery boxes in side collision of electric vehicles, two measures are proposed: Firstly spread the boss evenly around the battery box. Secondly the upper and lower parts of the battery box are matched with the convex heads and groove structure. The finite element models of the battery boxes before and after the optimization, the vehicle and the movable barrier are established in this paper. According to the collision regulations, the side collision simulation of the vehicle body is carried out. The changes of the stress, deformation and lateral acceleration of the battery boxes are analyzed. The effectiveness of the measures is verified. The extrusion models of the battery boxes are established. The deformation and the changes of the internal energy of the battery boxes are analyzed. The effectiveness of the measures is verified again.

Estimation of thermodynamic stability of isoperiodic epitaxial structures whith GaInSbAs and GaInAsP solid solutions

The work studied the thermodynamic stability of GaInSbAs, GaInAsP heterosystems on different substrates. The isotherms of spinodal decomposition caused by chemical changes in the internal energy of the alloy and by elastic stresses at the layer-substrate interface are obtained with the model of quasiregular solutions. It has been found that elastic stresses lead to an expansion of the region of thermodynamic stability of isoperiodic solid solutions for GaSb substrates and a decrease in the critical temperature. The developed model can be using to selection of the technological modes and parameters of epitaxial growth.

Low -parametric equation for calculating the viscosity coefficient of nitrogen in liquid, gas and fluid states

The formulation for the viscosity coefficient of nitrogen is obtained. In the developed equation the dependence of the residua viscosity of various states of substance on the internal energy density is used. The new correlation represents the viscosity of nitrogen at temperatures from 70 K to 1000 K and pressures of up to 50 MPa within the limits of experimental uncertainties.

Thermal Energy and Power Production: Impact on the Global Environment

Thermal energy is energy that comes from a substance whose molecules and atoms are vibrating faster due to a rise in temperature. In thermodynamic terms, Thermal energy is the internal energy present in a system in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium by virtue of its temperature. Thermal energy cannot be converted to productive work as easily as the energy of the systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Matter is made up of molecules and atoms that are constantly moving. The increase in temperature causes these particles to move faster and collide with each other. The hotter the substance, the more its particles move, and the higher its thermal energy. Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. That is, thermodynamics involves measuring thermal energy. ➣ In this paper we will be talking about the primary concepts of thermodynamics related to the formulation of thermal energy and then explain the correlation between thermal energy and thermal power. We also have included a CASE Study on the adverse Environmental effects of Thermal power production.