First and second laws of thermodynamics: relationship, “inconsistency”, hidden effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.

Balance of energy and entropy imbalance

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Lallit Anand ◽  
Sanjay Govindjee
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Flow ◽  
Energy Plus ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

This chapter discusses the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law represents a balance between the rate of change of the internal energy plus the rate of change of kinetic energy of a part of the body, and the rate at which energy in the form of heat is transferred to the part plus the mechanical power expended upon it. A part also possesses entropy, and the second law is the statement that the rate at which the net entropy of a part changes is greater than or at a minimum equal to the entropy flow into the part, resulting in a free energy imbalance known as the Clausius-Duhem inequality.

scholarly journals A thermodynamic approach to rate-type models in deformable ferroelectrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Giorgi ◽  
Angelo Morro
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Polarization Electric Field ◽  
Field Plane ◽  
Vector Valued ◽  
Rate Type ◽  
Hysteretic Properties

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to establish vector-valued rate-type models for the hysteretic properties in deformable ferroelectrics within the framework of continuum thermodynamics. Unlike electroelasticity and piezoelectricity, in ferroelectricity both the polarization and the electric field are simultaneously independent variables so that the constitutive functions depend on both. This viewpoint is naturally related to the fact that an hysteresis loop is a closed curve in the polarization–electric field plane. For the sake of generality, the deformation of the material and the dependence on the temperature are allowed to occur. The constitutive functions are required to be consistent with the principle of objectivity and the second law of thermodynamics. Objectivity implies that the constitutive equations are form invariant within the set of Euclidean frames. Among other results, the second law requires a general property on the relation between the polarization and the electric field via a differential equation. This equation shows a dependence fully characterized by two quantities: the free energy and a function which is related to the dissipative character of the hysteresis. As a consequence, different hysteresis models may have the same free energy. Models compatible with thermodynamics are then determined by appropriate selections of the free energy and of the dissipative part. Correspondingly, major and minor hysteretic loops are plotted.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Protein Synthesis Entropy Reduction on the Cell Size Regulation and Division Size of Unicellular Organisms

Entropy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Mohammad Razavi ◽  
Seyed Majid Saberi Fathi ◽  
Jack Adam Tuszynski
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Energy Balance Equation ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Reduction ◽  
Unicellular Organisms

The underlying mechanism determining the size of a particular cell is one of the fundamental unknowns in cell biology. Here, using a new approach that could be used for most of unicellular species, we show that the protein synthesis and cell size are interconnected biophysically and that protein synthesis may be the chief mechanism in establishing size limitations of unicellular organisms. This result is obtained based on the free energy balance equation of protein synthesis and the second law of thermodynamics. Our calculations show that protein synthesis involves a considerable amount of entropy reduction due to polymerization of amino acids depending on the cytoplasmic volume of the cell. The amount of entropy reduction will increase with cell growth and eventually makes the free energy variations of the protein synthesis positive (that is, forbidden thermodynamically). Within the limits of the second law of thermodynamics we propose a framework to estimate the optimal cell size at division.

A Micro Combined Heat and Power Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Gholizadeh ◽  
M. B. Shafii ◽  
M. H. Saidi
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Production Rate ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

In modeling and designing micro combined heat and power cycle most important point is recognition of how the cycle operates based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics simultaneously. Analyzing data obtained from thermodynamic analysis employed to optimize MCHP cycle. The data obtained from prime mover optimization has been used for basic stimulus cycle. Assumptions considered for prime mover optimization has been improved, for example in making optimum operation condition by using genetic algorithms constant pressure combustion chamber was considered. The exact value of downstream and upstream pressure changes in the combustion chamber reaction has been obtained. After extraction of the appropriate relationship for the primary stimulus cycle, data required for the overall cycle analysis identified, By using these data optimum total cycle efficiency and constructing the first and second laws of thermodynamics has been calculated for it. After reviewing Thermodynamic governing relations in each cycle and using the optimum values that the prime mover has been optimized with, other cycles have been optimized. In best performance condition of cycle, electrical efficiency was 41 percent and the overall efficiency of the cycle was 88 percent, respectively. After using the second law of thermodynamics mathematical model Second law of thermodynamics efficiency and entropy production rate was estimated. Second law of thermodynamics yield best performance against the 45.14 percent and the rate of entropy production in this case equal to 0.099 kW/K respectively.

scholarly journals Thermodynamics in Modified Gravity with Curvature Matter Coupling

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sharif ◽  
M. Zubair
Keyword(s):  
Modified Gravity ◽  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Production Term ◽  
Matter Coupling ◽  
Generalized Second Law ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Coupling Parameters ◽  
Modified Theory

The first and generalized second laws of thermodynamics are studied inf(R,Lm)gravity, a more general modified theory with curvature matter coupling. It is found that one can translate the Friedmann equations to the form of first law accompanied with entropy production term. This behavior is due to the nonequilibrium thermodynamics in this theory. We establish the generalized second law of thermodynamics and develop the constraints on coupling parameters for two specific models. It is concluded that laws of thermodynamics in this modified theory are more general and can reproduce the corresponding results in Einstein,f(R)gravity, andf(R)gravity with arbitrary as well as nonminimal curvature matter coupling.

A Mean-Field Pressure Formulation for Liquid-Vapor Flows

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (7) ◽  
pp. 894-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Ming Li ◽  
Danesh K. Tafti
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Capillary Waves ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Pressure Formulation ◽  
Boltzmann Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Liquid Vapor

A nonlocal pressure equation is derived from mean-field free energy theory for calculating liquid-vapor systems. The proposed equation is validated analytically by showing that it reduces to van der Waals’ square-gradient approximation under the assumption of slow density variations. The proposed nonlocal pressure is implemented in the mean-field free energy lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The LBM is applied to simulate equilibrium liquid-vapor interface properties and interface dynamics of capillary waves and oscillating droplets in vapor. Computed results are validated with Maxwell constructions of liquid-vapor coexistence densities, theoretical relationship of variation of surface tension with temperature, theoretical planar interface density profiles, Laplace’s law of capillarity, dispersion relationship between frequency and wave number of capillary waves, and the relationship between radius and the oscillating frequency of droplets in vapor. It is shown that the nonlocal pressure formulation gives excellent agreement with theory.

The Second Law, Gibbs Free Energy, Geometry, and Protein Folding

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Yi Fang
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Protein Folding ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Analytic Formula ◽  
Globular Protein ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Fundamental Physical

The fundamental physical law of protein folding is the second law of thermodynamics. The key to solve proteinfolding problem is to derive an analytic formula of the Gibbs free energy. It has been overdue for too long. Let U be a monomeric globular protein whose M atoms 1 M a are classified into hydrophobicity classes H H , ,H 1H 2.

The Laws of Thermodynamics Tell You What Is and What Is Not Possible

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avelino Corma ◽  
Adolfo Plasencia
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Design ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
The World ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Research Chemist ◽  
Distinguished Research ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Avelino Corma, the distinguished research chemist explains why scientific discovery is difficult. He then explains how ‘molecular recognition’ is achieved in nanochemistry, how molecular design and creating nanoreactors with zeolites is carried out in the laboratory to trap nanoparticles and make them react selectively, and what is meant by the ‘sociology of nanoparticles’. The relationship of chemistry with brain function or genome evolution is also considered. He then reflects on the role of chemistry from ancient times, when the discovery and synthesis of ammonia enabled the development of agriculture and societies, to the world as we know it today. The reason why chemistry is a fundamental discipline for balancing our ‘energy basket’ is also discussed, particularly with regard to achieving sustainable development of our planet.

Chemical Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
pp. 344-364
Author(s):  
Christopher O. Oriakhi
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Equilibrium Constant ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Chemical Thermodynamics ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Enthalpy And Entropy Changes ◽  
Enthalpy And Entropy ◽  
The Relationship

Chemical Thermodynamics discusses the fundamental laws of thermodynamics along with their relationships to heat, work, enthalpy, entropy, and temperature. Predicting the direction of a spontaneous change and calculating the change in entropy of a reaction are core concepts. The relationship between entropy, free energy and work is covered. The Gibbs free energy is used quantitatively to predict if reactions or processes are going to be exothermic and spontaneous or endothermic under the stated conditions. Also explored are the enthalpy and entropy changes during a phase change. Finally the Gibbs free energy of a chemical reaction is related to its equilibrium constant and the temperature.

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