scholarly journals Effect of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on the Deep Placement of Nitrogen Fertilizers for Soybean Cultivation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soshi Hatano ◽  
Yoichi Fujita ◽  
Yoshifumi Nagumo ◽  
Norikuni Ohtake ◽  
Kuni Sueyoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Absorption ◽  
Deep Placement ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity

The deep placement of urea fertilizer (DMU) containing 1% (W/W) of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on soybean growth and seed yield was as effective as those of the coated urea (CU) and lime nitrogen (LN) in a field research. The average seed yields were high in LN (464 g·m−2) and DMU (461 g·m−2) and relatively low in CU (405 g·m−2), U (396 g·m−2), and Cont (373 g·m−2) treatments. The accumulations of dry matter and nitrogen in soybean shoots were higher in the plants with deep placement of CU, LN, and DMU than U and Cont. The daily nitrogen fixation activity and daily nitrogen absorption rate were calculated based on the relative ureide method. Both nitrogen fixation activity and nitrogen absorption rate were higher in DMU, CU, and LN compared with control treatment, suggesting that the deep placement of DMU did not repress nitrogen fixation. Soil incubation test was performed using the same field soil with DMU, U, LN, and urea with DMPP 1%, 2%, and 4%. DMU inhibits nitrification similar to the pattern of LN until 8 weeks. The increasing DMPP concentration did not markedly increase the nitrification inhibition. From these results, it was concluded that urea fertilizer with 1% DMPP is efficient for deep placement of N fertilizer for soybean cultivation due to its lower price compared with CU and LN.

scholarly journals Engineering Nitrogen Fixation Activity in an Oxygenic Phototroph

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng Liu ◽  
Michelle Liberton ◽  
Jingjie Yu ◽  
Himadri B. Pakrasi ◽  
Maitrayee Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity ◽  
Photosynthetic Organism ◽  
Oxygenic Phototroph

ABSTRACTBiological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by nitrogenase, a complex metalloenzyme found only in prokaryotes. N2fixation is energetically highly expensive, and an energy-generating process such as photosynthesis can meet the energy demand of N2fixation. However, synthesis and expression of nitrogenase are exquisitely sensitive to the presence of oxygen. Thus, engineering nitrogen fixation activity in photosynthetic organisms that produce oxygen is challenging. Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes, and some of them also fix N2. Here, we demonstrate a feasible way to engineer nitrogenase activity in the nondiazotrophic cyanobacteriumSynechocystissp. PCC 6803 through the transfer of 35 nitrogen fixation (nif) genes from the diazotrophic cyanobacteriumCyanothecesp. ATCC 51142. In addition, we have identified the minimalnifcluster required for such activity inSynechocystis6803. Moreover, nitrogenase activity was significantly improved by increasing the expression levels ofnifgenes. Importantly, the O2tolerance of nitrogenase was enhanced by introduction of uptake hydrogenase genes, showing this to be a functional way to improve nitrogenase enzyme activity under micro-oxic conditions. To date, our efforts have resulted in engineeredSynechocystis6803 strains that, remarkably, have more than 30% of the N2fixation activity ofCyanothece51142, the highest such activity established in any nondiazotrophic oxygenic photosynthetic organism. This report establishes a baseline for the ultimate goal of engineering nitrogen fixation ability in crop plants.IMPORTANCEApplication of chemically synthesized nitrogen fertilizers has revolutionized agriculture. However, the energetic costs of such production processes and the widespread application of fertilizers have raised serious environmental issues. A sustainable alternative is to endow to crop plants the ability to fix atmospheric N2in situ. One long-term approach is to transfer allnifgenes from a prokaryote to plant cells and to express nitrogenase in an energy-producing organelle, chloroplast, or mitochondrion. In this context,Synechocystis6803, the nondiazotrophic cyanobacterium utilized in this study, provides a model chassis for rapid investigation of the necessary requirements to establish diazotrophy in an oxygenic phototroph.

scholarly journals Engineering Nitrogen Fixation Activity in an Oxygenic Phototroph

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng Liu ◽  
Michelle Liberton ◽  
Jingjie Yu ◽  
Himadri B. Pakrasi ◽  
Maitrayee Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity ◽  
Photosynthetic Organism ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygenic Phototroph

ABSTRACTBiological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by nitrogenase, a complex metalloenzyme found only in prokaryotes. N2fixation is energetically highly expensive, and an energy generating process such as photosynthesis can meet the energy demand of N2fixation. However, synthesis and expression of nitrogenase is exquisitely sensitive to oxygen. Thus, engineering nitrogen fixation activity in photosynthetic organisms that produce oxygen is challenging. Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes, and some of them also fix N2. Here, we demonstrate a feasible way to engineer nitrogenase activity in the non-diazotrophic cyanobacteriumSynechocystissp. PCC 6803 through the transfer of 35 nitrogen fixation (nif) genes from the diazotrophic cyanobacteriumCyanothecesp. ATCC 51142. In addition, we have identified the minimalnifcluster required for such activity inSynechocystis6803. Moreover, nitrogenase activity was significantly improved by increasing the expression levels ofnifgenes. Importantly, the O2tolerance of nitrogenase was enhanced by introduction of uptake hydrogenase genes, showing this to be a functional way to improve nitrogenase enzyme activity under micro-oxic conditions. To date, our efforts have resulted in engineeredSynechocystis6803 strains that remarkably have more than 30% N2-fixation activity compared to that inCyanothece51142, the highest such activity established in any non-diazotrophic oxygenic photosynthetic organism. This study establishes a baseline towards the ultimate goal of engineering nitrogen fixation ability in crop plants.IMPORTANCEApplication of chemically synthesized nitrogen fertilizers has revolutionized agriculture. However, the energetic costs of such production processes as well as the wide spread application of fertilizers have raised serious environmental issues. A sustainable alternative is to endow crop plants the ability to fix atmospheric N2in situ. One long-term approach is to transfer allnifgenes from a prokaryote to plant cells, and express nitrogenase in an energy-producing organelle, chloroplast or mitochondrion. In this context,Synechocystis6803, the non-diazotrophic cyanobacterium utilized in this study, provides a model chassis for rapid investigation of the necessary requirements to establish diazotrophy in an oxygenic phototroph.

scholarly journals Root Distribution and Nitrogen Fixation Activity of Tropical Forage Legume American Jointvetch (Aeschynomene americanaL.) cv. Glenn under Waterlogging Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Tobisa ◽  
Masataka Shimojo ◽  
Yasuhisa Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Waterlogging Treatment

We investigated the root distribution and nitrogen fixation activity of American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americanaL.) cv. Glenn, under waterlogging treatment. The plants were grown in pots under three different treatments: no waterlogging (control), 30 days of waterlogging (experiment 1), and 40 days of waterlogging (experiment 2). The plants were subjected to the treatments on day 14 after germination. Root dry matter (DM) weight distribution of waterlogged plants was shallower than controls after day 20 of waterlogging. Throughout the study period, the total root DM weight in waterlogged plants was similar to that in the controls. Enhanced rooting (adventitious roots) and nodule formation at the stem base were observed in waterlogged plants after day 20 of waterlogging. The average DM weight of individual nodules on the region of the stem between the soil surface and water surface of waterlogged plants was similar to that of individual taproot nodules in the controls. Waterlogged plants had slightly greater plant DM weight than the controls after 40 days of treatment. The total nitrogenase activity (TNA) of nodules and nodule DM weight were higher in waterlogged plants than in the controls. Waterlogged American jointvetch had roots with nodules both around the soil surface and in the area between the soil surface and water surface after 20 days of waterlogging, and they maintained high nitrogenase activity and net assimilation rate that resulted in an increased growth rate.

scholarly journals The effect of inoculation of pea plants with mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium on nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Geneva ◽  
G. Zehirov ◽  
E. Djonova ◽  
N. Kaloyanova ◽  
G. Georgiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Phosphorus Level ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity

The study evaluated the response of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Avola) to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae, strain D 293, regarding the growth, photosynthesis, nodulation and nitrogen fixation activity. Pea plants were grown in a glasshouse until the flowering stage (35 days), in 4 kg plastic pots using leached cinnamonic forest soil (Chromic Luvisols – FAO) at P levels 13.2 (P1) and 39.8 (P2) mg P/kg soil. The obtained results demonstrated that the dual inoculation of pea plants significantly increased the plant biomass, photosynthetic rate, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation activity in comparison with single inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae strain D 293. On the other hand, coinoculation significantly increased the total phosphorus content in plant tissue, acid phosphatase activity and percentage of root colonization. The effectiveness of coinoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum and Glomus mosseae was higher at the low phosphorus level while the coinoculation with Glomus intraradices appeared to be the most effective at higher phosphorus level.

scholarly journals Digalactosyldiacylglycerol Synthase Gene MtDGD1 Plays an Essential Role in Nodule Development and Nitrogen Fixation

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1196-1209
Author(s):  
Zaiyong Si ◽  
Qianqian Yang ◽  
Rongrong Liang ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Dasong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

Little is known about the genes participating in digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthesis during nodule symbiosis. Here, we identified full-length MtDGD1, a synthase of DGDG, and characterized its effect on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed that MtDGD1 was located on the symbiosome membranes in the infected cells. β-Glucuronidase histochemical staining revealed that MtDGD1 was highly expressed in the infection zone of young nodules as well as in the whole mature nodules. Compared with the control, MtDGD1-RNA interference transgenic plants exhibited significant decreases in nodule number, symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity, and DGDG abundance in the nodules, as well as abnormal nodule and symbiosome development. Overexpression of MtDGD1 resulted in enhancement of nodule number and nitrogen fixation activity. In response to phosphorus starvation, the MtDGD1 expression level was substantially upregulated and the abundance of nonphospholipid DGDG was significantly increased in the roots and nodules, accompanied by corresponding decreases in the abundance of phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. Overall, our results indicate that DGD1 contributes to effective nodule organogenesis and nitrogen fixation by affecting the synthesis and content of DGDG during symbiosis.

scholarly journals Effects of 3,4-dimethylphyrazole phosphate-added nitrogen fertilizers on crop growth and N2O emissions in Southern Italy

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Vitale ◽  
L. Ottaiano ◽  
F. Polimeno ◽  
G. Maglione ◽  
U. Amato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Randomized Block Design

The effect of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylphyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on N-fertilized crop growth and soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were studied at two experimental sites in Southern Italy, characterised by a Mediterranean climate and different soil texture. The experiments were a randomized block design of two treatments: crop fertilized with NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> (considered the control treatment) or amended with DMPP plus NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> (considered the DMPP treatment). ANOVA was performed to assess differences between treatments and fertilization periods whereas simple and multiple linear regressions were performed in order to assess the effect of the soil-related in-dependent variables on soil gases emissions. Growth of potato plants fertilized with DMPP-added nitrogen was enhanced compared to control plants, whereas no benefit on maize plants grown during summer was observed. N<sub>2</sub>O emissions measured from soil to potato after the first fertilization with DMPP-added nitrogen was reduced during winter, but was higher than control after the second fertilizer application in spring, leading to comparable N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors (EF1) between treatments. In maize N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and EF1 were lower for DMPP compared to control treatment. The effectiveness of reduction in soil N<sub>2</sub>O emission was influenced by soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) in both experimental sites. However, the overall effect of WFPS was contrasting as N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were decreased in potato and enhanced in maize.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilization Reduces Nitrogen Fixation Activity of Diverse Diazotrophs in Switchgrass Roots

2020 ◽  
pp. PBIOMES-09-19-0
Author(s):  
Rahul A. Bahulikar ◽  
Srinivasa R. Chaluvadi ◽  
Ivone Torres-Jerez ◽  
Jagadish Mosali ◽  
Jeffrey L. Bennetzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity

scholarly journals Influence of the Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB) Granule-Associated Proteins (PhaP1 and PhaP2) on PHB Accumulation and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (24) ◽  
pp. 9050-9056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxia Wang ◽  
Xiaoyan Sheng ◽  
Raymie C. Equi ◽  
Maria A. Trainer ◽  
Trevor C. Charles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity ◽  
Associated Proteins

ABSTRACT Sinorhizobium meliloti cells store excess carbon as intracellular poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules that assist survival under fluctuating nutritional conditions. PHB granule-associated proteins (phasins) are proposed to regulate PHB synthesis and granule formation. Although the enzymology and genetics of PHB metabolism in S. meliloti have been well characterized, phasins have not yet been described for this organism. Comparison of the protein profiles of the wild type and a PHB synthesis mutant revealed two major proteins absent from the mutant. These were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) as being encoded by the SMc00777 (phaP1) and SMc02111 (phaP2) genes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins associated with PHB granules followed by MALDI-TOF confirmed that PhaP1 and PhaP2 were the two major phasins. Double mutants were defective in PHB production, while single mutants still produced PHB, and unlike PHB synthesis mutants that have reduced exopolysaccharide, the double mutants had higher exopolysaccharide levels. Medicago truncatula plants inoculated with the double mutant exhibited reduced shoot dry weight (SDW), although there was no corresponding reduction in nitrogen fixation activity. Whether the phasins are involved in a metabolic regulatory response or whether the reduced SDW is due to a reduction in assimilation of fixed nitrogen rather than a reduction in nitrogen fixation activity remains to be established.

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