A Provably Secure Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The wireless sensor network is a network composed of sensor nodes self-organizing through the application of wireless communication technology. The application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) requires high security, but the transmission of sensitive data may be exposed to the adversary. Therefore, to guarantee the security of information transmission, researchers propose numerous security authentication protocols. Recently, Wu et al. proposed a new three-factor authentication protocol for WSNs. However, we find that their protocol cannot resist key compromise impersonation attacks and known session-specific temporary information attacks. Meanwhile, it also violates perfect forward secrecy and anonymity. To overcome the proposed attacks, this paper proposes an enhanced protocol in which the security is verified by the formal analysis and informal analysis, Burross-Abadii-Needham (BAN) logic, and ProVerif tools. The comparison of security and performance proves that our protocol has higher security and lower computational overhead.

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SLUA-WSN: Secure and Lightweight Three-Factor-Based User Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20154143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (15) ◽

pp. 4143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SungJin Yu ◽

YoungHo Park

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

User Authentication ◽

Formal Analysis ◽

Mutual Authentication ◽

Authentication Protocol ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Security Threats ◽

Three Factor

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are composed of multiple sensor nodes with limited storage, computation, power, and communication capabilities and are widely used in various fields such as banks, hospitals, institutes to national defense, research, and so on. However, useful services are susceptible to security threats because sensitive data in various fields are exchanged via a public channel. Thus, secure authentication protocols are indispensable to provide various services in WSN. In 2019, Mo and Chen presented a lightweight secure user authentication scheme in WSN. We discover that Mo and Chen’s scheme suffers from various security flaws, such as session key exposure and masquerade attacks, and does not provide anonymity, untraceability, and mutual authentication. To resolve the security weaknesses of Mo and Chen’s scheme, we propose a secure and lightweight three-factor-based user authentication protocol for WSN, called SLUA-WSN. The proposed SLUA-WSN can prevent security threats and ensure anonymity, untraceability, and mutual authentication. We analyze the security of SLUA-WSN through the informal and formal analysis, including Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic, Real-or-Random (ROR) model, and Automated Verification of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) simulation. Moreover, we compare the performance of SLUA-WSN with some existing schemes. The proposed SLUA-WSN better ensures the security and efficiency than previous proposed scheme and is suitable for practical WSN applications.

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Cryptanalysis and Improvement of a Privacy-Preserving Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19214625 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (21) ◽

pp. 4625 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Km Renuka ◽

Sachin Kumar ◽

Saru Kumari ◽

Chien-Ming Chen

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Node ◽

Denial Of Service ◽

Authentication Protocol ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Strong Base ◽

Gateway Node ◽

Three Factor

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are of prominent use in unmanned surveillance applications. This peculiar trait of WSNs is actually the underlying technology of various applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) such as smart homes, smart cities, smart shopping complexes, smart traffic, smart health, and much more. Over time, WSNs have evolved as a strong base for laying the foundations of IoT infrastructure. In order to address the scenario in which a user wants to access the real-time data directly from the sensor node in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), Das recently proposed an anonymity-preserving three-factor authentication protocol. Das’s protocol is suitable for resource-constrained sensor nodes because it only uses lightweight cryptographic primitives such as hash functions and symmetric encryption schemes as building blocks. Das’s protocol is claimed to be secure against different known attacks by providing formal security proof and security verification using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool. However, we find that Das’s protocol has the following security loopholes: (1) By using a captured sensor node, an adversary can impersonate a legal user to the gateway node, impersonate other sensor nodes to deceive the user, and the adversary can also decrypt all the cipher-texts of the user; (2) the gateway node has a heavy computational cost due to user anonymity and thus the protocol is vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks. We overcome the shortcomings of Das’s protocol and propose an improved protocol. We also prove the security of the proposed protocol in the random oracle model. Compared with the other related protocols, the improved protocol enjoys better functionality without much enhancement in the computation and communication costs. Consequently, it is more suitable for applications in WSNs

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Securing Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks: Breaking and Fixing a Three-Factor Authentication Protocol

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18113663 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 3663 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Seyed Aghili ◽

Hamid Mala ◽

Pedro Peris-Lopez

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Session Key ◽

Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Network Security ◽

Wireless Sensor Network Security ◽

Healthcare Monitoring ◽

Three Factor

Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) are employed in many real-time applications, such as Internet of sensors (IoS), Internet of vehicles (IoV), healthcare monitoring, and so on. As wireless sensor nodes have constrained computing, storage and communication capabilities, designing energy-efficient authentication protocols is a very important issue in wireless sensor network security. Recently, Amin et al. presented an untraceable and anonymous three-factor authentication (3FA) scheme for HWSNs and argued that their protocol is efficient and can withstand the common security threats in this sort of networks. In this article, we show how their protocol is not immune to user impersonation, de-synchronization and traceability attacks. In addition, an adversary can disclose session key under the typical assumption that sensors are not tamper-resistant. To overcome these drawbacks, we improve the Amin et al.’s protocol. First, we informally show that our improved scheme is secure against the most common attacks in HWSNs in which the attacks against Amin et al.’s protocol are part of them. Moreover, we verify formally our proposed protocol using the BAN logic. Compared with the Amin et al.’s scheme, the proposed protocol is both more efficient and more secure to be employed which renders the proposal suitable for HWSN networks.

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Three-Factor User-Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks—A Review

Algorithms for Intelligent Systems - Proceedings of the International Conference on Paradigms of Communication, Computing and Data Sciences ◽

10.1007/978-981-16-5747-4_11 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 123-136

Author(s):

Vaishnavi Mishra ◽

Abhay S. Gandhi

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

User Authentication ◽

Authentication Protocol ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Three Factor

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Firewall in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy-Efficient Underwater Wireless Communications and Networking - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-3640-7.ch008 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 120-130

Author(s):

Manni Kumar ◽

Osho Gupta ◽

Shikha Rani

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Wireless Sensor Network ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Network Security ◽

Sensor Network ◽

Local System ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Sensitive Data ◽

Ip Packets

In this technological arena, a firewall is a major tool for network security system to predetermine its basic rules so that it can control and monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic. The firewall generally restricts the faulty and unusual data entering the system. It can be categorized as host-based firewalls and network-based firewalls. There are various applications of firewall and how these firewalls can help the underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) in protecting the sensor nodes where a huge amount of sensitive data is communicated among different countries. Firewall mainly aims to secure the network from different attacking devices and the attackers in a very efficient way. Firewall creates a barrier in which only the authorized data can be passed through after continuously checking by the firewall policies. To protect a local system and network of system from threats which are generally network based firewall is the most effective way. The design of the firewall is required to be accurate as it acts as a filter at higher protocol layer and some levels of IP-packets.

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A secure and efficient three-factor multi-gateway authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks

Ad Hoc Networks ◽

10.1016/j.adhoc.2019.101965 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 95 ◽

pp. 101965 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hua Guo ◽

Ya Gao ◽

Tongge Xu ◽

Xiyong Zhang ◽

Jianfeng Ye

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Authentication Protocol ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Three Factor

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A Novel Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks With IoT Notion

IEEE Systems Journal ◽

10.1109/jsyst.2020.2981049 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fan Wu ◽

Xiong Li ◽

Lili Xu ◽

Pandi Vijayakumar ◽

Neeraj Kumar

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Authentication Protocol ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Three Factor

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A Light and Anonymous Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym14010046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

Lianghong Zhu ◽

Huaikun Xiang ◽

Kai Zhang

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Key Agreement ◽

Security Analysis ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Cryptographic Primitives ◽

Logic Verification ◽

And Performance ◽

Agreement Protocols ◽

Three Factor

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely used in a variety of fields, and make people’s lives more convenient and efficient. However, WSNs are usually deployed in a harsh and insecure environment. Furthermore, sensors with limited hardware resources have a low capacity for data processing and communication. For these reasons, research on efficient and secure real-time authentication and key agreement protocols based on the characteristics of WSNs has gradually attracted the attention of academics. Although many schemes have been proposed, most of them cannot achieve all known security features with satisfactory performance, among which anonymity, N-Factor security, and forward secrecy are the most vulnerable. In order to solve these shortcomings, we propose a new lightweight and anonymous three-factor authentication scheme based on symmetric cryptographic primitives for WSNs. By using the automated security verification tool ProVerif, BAN-logic verification, and an informal security analysis, we prove that our proposed scheme is secure and realizes all known security features in WSNs. Moreover, we show that our proposed scheme is practical and efficient through the comparison of security features and performance.

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Data Gathering with Multi-Attribute Fusion in Wireless Sensor Networks

Advancements in Distributed Computing and Internet Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-61350-110-8.ch008 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 159-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kai Lin ◽

Lei Wang ◽

Lei Shu ◽

Al-Sakib Khan Pathan

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Conservation ◽

Data Gathering ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Physical Attributes ◽

And Performance ◽

Save Energy ◽

Conservation Efficiency

This chapter addresses the problem of data gathering with multi-attribute fusion over a bandwidth and energy constrained wireless sensor network (WSN). As there are strong correlations between data gathered from sensor nodes in close physical proximity, effective in-network fusion schemes involve minimizing such redundancy and hence reducing the load in wireless sensor networks. Considering a complicated environment, each sensor node must be equipped with more than one type of sensor module to monitor multi-targets; hence, the complexity for the fusion process is increased due to the existence of various physical attributes. In this chapter, by investigating the process and performance of multi-attribute fusion in data gathering of WSNs, we design a self-adaptive threshold to balance the different change rates of each attributive data. Furthermore, we present a method to measure the energy-conservation efficiency of multi-attribute fusion. Then, a novel energy equilibrium routing method is proposed to balance and save energy in WSNs, which is named multi-attribute fusion tree (MAFT). The establishment of MAFT is determined by the remaining energy of sensor nodes and the energy-conservation efficiency of data fusion. Finally, the energy saving performance of the scheme is demonstrated through comprehensive simulations. The chapter concludes by identifying some open research issues on this topic.

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