Role of Gastrin as a Trophic Hormone

Digestion ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Trophic Hormone

Role of gastrin in gastrointestinal adaptation after small bowel resection

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. G16-G20
Author(s):  
A. B. Dembinski ◽  
L. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Bowel Resection ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Small Bowel Resection ◽  
Ileal Mucosa ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Oxyntic Gland ◽  
Trophic Hormone

Gastrin is a trophic hormone for the mucosa of the oxyntic gland area of the stomach, the proximal small intestine, and the colon. It also has trophic effects on the pancreas. All these tissues undergo hyperplasia to some extent following distal small bowel resection. This study evaluates the role of gastrin in postresectional hyperplasia by examining the growth of these tissues in antrectomized rats following intestinal resection. Antrectomy itself caused atrophy of the oxyntic gland mucosa, colonic mucosa, and the pancreas but had no effect on ileal mucosa. Resection by itself stimulated growth of all tissues and significantly increased serum gastrin levels. After resection in antrectomized animals, all tissues underwent an adaptational response. The increase in total DNA content after resection in antrectomized rats was as great in all tissues, except the colon, as it was in animals with intact antrums and normal gastrin levels. These results indicate that gastrin plays no role in the postresectional hyperplasia observed in the various tissues of the gastrointestinal tract.

Pancreatic blood flow in the rat during enlargement, involution, and cholecystokinin treatment

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. G457-G462 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Oates ◽  
N. W. Bruce ◽  
R. G. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Soya Flour ◽  
Pancreatic Blood Flow ◽  
Pancreatic Growth ◽  
Trophic Hormone

We studied the effect of raw soya flour (RSF) given as a single gavage or for long-term periods on pancreatic blood flow. These effects were compared with the response to treatment with cholecystokinin (CCK) since it has been suggested that RSF feeding releases CCK. In acute experiments total pancreatic blood flow was significantly increased after infusion of CCK (60 Ivy dog units X kg-1 X h-1) and after gavage with preparations of RSF or heated soya flour (HSF). When expressed as flow per 100 g pancreatic weight, the greatest increase was seen after gavage with RSF. In separate chronic studies, total pancreatic blood flow was significantly increased in rats fed RSF for 4 wk compared with rats fed HSF, but because of pancreatic enlargement in rats fed RSF flow per 100 g pancreatic weight was similar in the two groups. When rats fed RSF for 4 wk were changed to standard rat cubes for 48 h before study, pancreatic blood flow (ml/min and ml X min-1 X 100 g pancreas-1) and total pancreatic DNA decreased significantly compared with rats fed RSF continuously. However, when CCK was infused intravenously during the 48-h period on cubes, pancreatic blood flow and DNA remained significantly increased and were not significantly different from values in rats fed RSF continuously. These results show that the effects of RSF feeding and CCK treatment on pancreatic growth and blood flow are similar and are consistent with the postulated role of CCK as the trophic hormone released by RSF feeding.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Alpha-Effect, Current and Kinetic Helicities for Magnetically Driven Turbulence, and Solar Dynamo

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 387-388
Author(s):  
Gaetano Belvedere ◽  
V. V. Pipin ◽  
G. Rüdiger
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Convection Zone ◽  
Solar Surface ◽  
Momentum Transport ◽  
Angular Momentum Transport ◽  
Magnetic Buoyancy ◽  
Alpha Effect ◽  
Current Helicity

Extended AbstractRecent numerical simulations lead to the result that turbulence is much more magnetically driven than believed. In particular the role ofmagnetic buoyancyappears quite important for the generation ofα-effect and angular momentum transport (Brandenburg & Schmitt 1998). We present results obtained for a turbulence field driven by a (given) Lorentz force in a non-stratified but rotating convection zone. The main result confirms the numerical findings of Brandenburg & Schmitt that in the northern hemisphere theα-effect and the kinetic helicityℋkin= 〈u′ · rotu′〉 are positive (and negative in the northern hemisphere), this being just opposite to what occurs for the current helicityℋcurr= 〈j′ ·B′〉, which is negative in the northern hemisphere (and positive in the southern hemisphere). There has been an increasing number of papers presenting observations of current helicity at the solar surface, all showing that it isnegativein the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern hemisphere (see Rüdigeret al. 2000, also for a review).

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